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Medsci > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What matter develops more quickly in the cortex in embryonic development?

A

Grey matter quicker than white matter. Therefore the cortex rolls and folds on itself.

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2
Q

What are the deep grooves and shallow grooves called?

A

Fissures (deep) and sulci (shallow)

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3
Q

What is the role of the epithalamus?

A

Has the pineal gland which releases more melatonin in darkness, (endocrine). And the habenuclar nuclei which is responsible for olfaction interpretation of smell.

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4
Q

Circumventricular organs are the site of entry for what virus?

A

Circumventricular organs are thought to be the site of intro for the HIV virus causing aids. They are located in the third ventricle and lack a blood brain barrier. This means that they also control many of the homeostatic activities.

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5
Q

Damage to broca’s and wernicke’s areas results in?

A

Injury to language areas in the cerebral cortex results in aphasia. Damage to Broca’s area results in nonfluent aphasia damage to Wernicke’s area results in fluent aphasia also known as “word salad”a string of words that have no meaning.

W ernicke’s- W ord salad
fluent aphasia

Broca’s-non-fluent aphasia

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6
Q

Larger cortical area of the somatosensory areas and a larger cortical area of the primary motor region indicates?

A

A larger cortical region of the somatic sensory area links to an area of the body with a larger number of receptors for example lips and fingertips as opposed to hips. A larger cortical region of the primary motor area is linked to areas that carry out more intricate tasks for example fingertips as opposed to toes.

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7
Q

Anterior FPO Posterior

Right hemisphere, what is the arrangement of the regions?

A

Anterior

Frontal lobe

(Central sulcus separates)

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Posterior

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8
Q

Role of association areas

A

Association areas of the cerebrum consist of large areas of the occipital, parietal and temporal lobes and of the frontal lobes interior to the motor areas. Association areas are responsible for interpreting your senses so contributes a lot to the recognition.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Primary visual cortex?

A

It is responsible for receiving input of colours and positions. Where is that object on the periphery?

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary visual cortex?

A

The secondary visual cortex is responsible for interpretation.

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11
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex responsible for?

A

it organises sounds and tones

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12
Q

What is Wernicke’s secondary cortical area responsible for and where is it located?

A

It is responsible for making sense of the sound For example, interpreting and putting together as language. It surrounds the primary auditory cortex and is surrounded by the temporal association cortex.

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13
Q

Where is language interpretation normally located in the brain?

A

Language is normally located in the left side of the brain. This is known as the dominant side.

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14
Q

What is the post central gyrus responsible for and where is it located?

A

The post central gyrus is posterior to the central sulcus and it’s for receiving info they have granule cells which are very small. They are small because they don’t need to be large. It is located posterior to the central sulcus.

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15
Q

What is the central sulcus responsible for and where is it located?

A

Central sulcus (is a valley) anterior to the post central gyrus and posterior to the pre-central gyrus

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16
Q

What is the pre-central gyrus responsible for and where is it located?

A

It sends info down to the spiral spinal cord. Primary motor neurons, also known as pyramidal neurons, carry out the signal to a body part to carry out the response. These pyramidal neurons are large to send the signal a long distance. It is located anterior to the post central gyrus and posterior to the pre-motor planning cortex.

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17
Q

What is the premotor planning cortex responsible for and where is it located?

A

The pre-motor planning cortex tells the pre-central gyrus what neurons to activate and therefore what areas of the body to move it is located anterior to the central sulcus.

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18
Q

What is the frontal association cortex responsible for?

A

Miss F. PIC

Mood, Frontal, Personality, Intelligence, Cognitive function

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19
Q

What is the parietal association cortex responsible for?

A

PS. 3

Spatial, 3D recognition

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20
Q

What is the temporal association cortex responsible for?

A

TAIMM

Temporal

Aggression, Intelligence, Memory, Mood

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21
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere responsible for?

A

The right hemisphere is responsible for non-verbal language (body language) emotional expression, which is the tone, spatial skills (3D), conceptual understanding and artistic/music skills.

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22
Q

Acronym

A

PS. 3 I AMM Miss F. PIC

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23
Q

What is the homunculus in relation to the CNS?

A

A map of the human body in the brain

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24
Q

Fill in:

The primary visual cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the brain. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ____ lobe of the brain.

The lateral fissure primarily separates the _____ lobe from the _____ lobe. The lateral fissure partially separates the _____ lobe from the _____ lobe.

A

The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the brain. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe of the brain.

The lateral fissure primarily separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. The lateral fissure partially separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe.

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25
Q

True or False

Sensory information passes along nerves that enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root, and motor information passes along nerves that exit the spinal cord via the ventral root.

A

True

In through the door (spinal cord) out through the vent

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26
Q

True or False

In the spinal cord, a core of white matter is surrounded by grey matter peripherally.

A

False

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27
Q

True or False

Sensory information passes from the periphery to the spinal cord (and then to the brain), while motor information passes from the brain, to the spinal cord, to the periphery.

A

True

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28
Q

True or False

Encapsulated receptors sense all types of sensory information in the periphery (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception)

A

False

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29
Q

True or False

Myelin allows for faster transmission of action potentials, and therefore information, along nerve fibres

A

True

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30
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Protection with a PAD (inner to outward)

Pia mater (inner)
Arachnoid Mater
Dura mater

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31
Q

What are the protective structures of the spinal cord?

A

The meninges, the vertebrae and the cerebrospinal fluid

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32
Q

What passes through the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

What passes through the ventral root of the spinal cord?

A

The sensory fibres of the spinal cord pass through the dorsal root

The motor fibres passes through the ventral root

In through the door, out through the vent

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33
Q

What is grey matter?

A

cell bodies of neurons

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34
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Pain and temperature information is sensed in the periphery by a _____ , which _____ encapsulated. Information is then carried along a nerve,which _______ covered in myelin, with a comparatively _____ conduction velocity of approximately _____ m/s.The nerve fibre passes through the root of the spinal nerve and into the spinal cord.

A

Pain and temperature information is sensed in the periphery by a free nerve ending, which is not encapsulated. Information is then carried along a nerve,which is covered in myelin, with a comparatively lower conduction velocity of approximately 1 m/s.The nerve fibre passes through the root of the spinal nerve and into the spinal cord.

35
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Touch and pressure (and proprioception)information is sensed in the periphery by a _____ , which _____ encapsulated. Information is then carried along a nerve,which ______ covered in myelin, with a comparatively ______ conduction velocity of approximately ________ m/s. The nerve fibre passes through the root of the spinal nerve and into the spinal cord.

A

Touch and pressure (and proprioception)information is sensed in the periphery by a receptor , which is encapsulated. Information is then carried along a nerve,which is covered in myelin, with a comparatively faster conduction velocity of approximately 50 m/s. The nerve fibre passes through the root of the spinal nerve and into the spinal cord.

36
Q

What does the Pacinian corpuscle sense and what does the Meissner’s corpuscle sense?

A

Pacinian corpuscle for pressure

Meissner’s corpuscle for touch

37
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Spinal nerves contain a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Many of the myelinated fibres convey information on _________ sensations from _______ receptors in the skin. The unmyelinated fibres convey information on _______ sensation from _________ receptors in the skin

A

Spinal nerves contain a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Many of the myelinated fibres convey information on DISCRIMINATORY sensations from ENCAPSULATED receptors in the skin. The unmyelinated fibres convey information on NON-DISCRIMINATORY sensation from FREE NERVE ENDING receptors in the skin

38
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The pathway in the brainstem which conveys discriminative touch and pressure sensation is known as the _________ pathway, whereas the pathway in the brainstem for non-discriminative pain and temperature sensation is the __________ pathway. Both pathways terminate in the _________nucleus in the thalamus

A

The pathway in the brainstem which conveys discriminative touch and pressure sensation is known as the DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LEMNISCUS pathway, whereas the pathway in the brainstem for non-discriminative pain and temperature sensation is the LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC pathway. Both pathways terminate in the VENTRAL POSTERIORnucleus in the thalamus

39
Q

What does damage to lower motor neurons result in? What does damage to upper motor neurons result in?

A

Damage to LOWER motor neurons results in FLACCID paralysis. Damage to UPPER motor neurons results in SPASTIC paralysis.

The Fish swam LOWER in the sea, the Seagull flew UPPER in the sky.

40
Q

Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Thalamus

A

Striatum (made up of caudate nucleus and globus pallidus)

C) Globus Pallidus (Internal and External)

D) Substantia Nigra (produces 90% of dopamine)

E) Thalamus (white matter stretches from thalamus to homunculus, 2 sensory pathways end in )

41
Q

What are the symptoms of a flaccid paralysis?

A

no nervous control of muscle at all

decreased muscle activation and therefore less/decreased tone

42
Q

What are the symptoms of a spastic paralysis?

A

increased muscle activation and therefore more/increased tone

jerky movements

43
Q

What is the function of the pyramidal tract?

Planning movements before they occur

Initiating, controlling and stopping voluntary movement

Smoothing and refining movement

A

Initiating, controlling and stopping voluntary movement

44
Q

Where does the non-discriminative pathway cross over?

A

In the spinal cord. (Below the label of spinal cord)

45
Q

Where does the discriminative pathway cross over?

A

At the lower medulla (where the spinal cord opens up to the medulla)

46
Q

Where does the 2nd nerve ending for the non-discriminative and discriminative pathways end?

A

In the ventral posteriornucleus of the thalamus

47
Q

Where do the tertiary neurons terminate?

A

In the primary somatosensory cortex where the homunculus of the body.

Lateral side: face, arm, trunk, leg

48
Q

Where do the second sensory nerves pass through?

A

The pons

49
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic preganglionic neuron?

The neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic postganglionic neuron onto most effector tissues is?

The neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic postganglionic neuron onto sweat glands is?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic- Acetylcholine

Sympathetic postganglionic- norepinephrine

Sympathetic postganglionic- Acetylcholine

50
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron is?

The neurotransmitter released from the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron is?

A

Acetylcholine for both

51
Q

Is the control of output for the somatic and then the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? And are they one or two neuron pathways?

A

voluntary- somatic- 1 neuron pathway

involuntary- autonomic- 2 neuron pathway

52
Q

The effectors of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system are?

A

Smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

53
Q

What’s the effector of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

54
Q

Where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

55
Q

Which options best represent the parasympathetic, sympathetic (to most effector tissues), and somatic neuron pathways?

A

PSNS= Two neurons. First one myelinated. Ach from axon terminal of 1 to cell body of 2 and Ach from axon terminal of 2 to effector

SNS= Two neurons. First myelinated Ach from axon terminal of 1 to cell body of 2. NE from axon terminal of 2 to effector

Somatic= One neuron to effector, myelinated, Ach from axon terminals to effector

56
Q

Lower motor neurons are:

A

Located in the spinal cord

57
Q

Anterior pituitary has a vascular or neural connection to the hypothalamus?

A

Connects to the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system (vascular connection)

58
Q

Postetior pituitary has a vascular or neural connection to the hypothalamus?

A

Connects to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic tract (neural connection)
Responds directly to hypothalamic neurons

59
Q

alarm response is mediated by activation of the _____ nervous system.

A

S ympathetic nervous system

S tress
Cats snarl

60
Q

What are the two systems of the autonomic response?

A

The autonomic (involuntary response) systems are either parasympathetic (relaxation) or sympathetic (alarm)

61
Q

The extended alarm response is mediated by the hormones _______ and ________ secreted by the_______

A

The extended alarm response is mediated by the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla

MEN

62
Q

The resistance reaction is mediated by the hormone ______secreted by the ______ .

A

The resistance reaction is mediated by the hormone cortisolsecreted by the adrenal cortex

Cc

63
Q

What is the order of responses and length of response?

A

Alarm response- milliseconds

Extended alarm response- seconds- minutes

Resistance response- minutes to hours

64
Q

Is suppression of immune system part of the alarm or resistance response?

A

Resistance response

65
Q

Is Sensitised vessels (to agents that cause vasoconstriction) part of alarm or resistance response?

A

Alarm

66
Q

Heart: increased rate + force of contraction;’pounding heart’- alarm or resistance?

A

Alarm

67
Q

↑ glucose (gluconeogenesis), FAs (lypolysis),AAs (protein breakdown)- alarm or resistance?

A

Resistance

68
Q

Dilation of bronchi- alarm or resistance

A

Alarm

69
Q

Digestion: decreased salivation & digestion- alarm or resistance

A

Alarm

70
Q

What sensation does the dorsal column- medial lemniscal system convey?

A

Dorsal - Discriminative sensation

Touch and pressure

Propioception

71
Q

What sensation does the lateral spinothalamic tract convey?

A

Non- discriminative- Temperature and pain

Nociception

*Because it’s lateral this pathway is situated further from the mid line of the body compared to the dorsal column.

72
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Fine motor control of co-ordinating movement and balance eg. eye movement. Also plays a role in attention and language.

73
Q

Afferent nerves role vs. Efferent nerves

A

Afferent nerves transmit nervous sensory information from the body to the CNS

Efferent nerves transmit sensory information from the CNS to the body

Afferent arrives while Efferent exits

74
Q

Which of the following lesions results in a dissociated sensory loss?

A lesion involving the sensory pathways on the right side of the midbrain.

A lesion on the right side of the spinal cord.

A lesion involving the sensory cortex on the left side of the brain.

A lesion on the right side of the brainstem.

A lesion on the left side of the medulla.

A

A lesion on the right side of the spinal cord.

75
Q

Which paralysis would result from a lesion in the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?

A

Spastic paralysis because flaccid paralysis would result from lesion in LMN but corticospinal tract has UMN

76
Q

Where does a lesion that results in loss of pain and temperature sensation occur?

A

Lesion in the spinothalamic tract

77
Q

Where does a lesion that results in parathesia occur?

A

likely occurs due to lesion in DCML tract

78
Q

What does the white matter tract arcuate fasciculus link?

A

links Wernicke’s and Brocas areas

79
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Links two hemispheres doesn’t begin in brainstem

80
Q

Dorsal funiculi

A

Sensory tracts in the spinal cord that don’t originate in the brainstem

81
Q

The dorsal columns terminate in the brainstem and give rise to white matter tract called?

A

medial lemniscus- is in the brainstem

82
Q

What function does LEVDOPA have?

A

Is a drug used in treatment because it is the precursor to dopamine, is converted to dopamine in the bloodstream

83
Q

The processes of the alarm response

A

Activation of the sympathetic nerves in the autonomic system activates the alarm response to extend the response epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla occurs as activated by sympathetic nerves. Hypothalamus is then stimulated to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, this stimulates anterior pituatary gland to release ACTH which acts on adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) and mineral corticoids (mainly aldosterone) to initiate cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

84
Q

Which endocrine organs is most directly involved in secreting hormones to enhance and extend the alarm response?

A

The adrenal cortex is most directly involved as the anterior pituitary releases ACTH activating the adrenal cortex to release cortisol for resistance reaction

Medsci (5 decks)

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