neonatal adaptation

Question 1

importance of maternal factors

Answer 1

immediate survival
later performance

Question 2

intra-uterine growth retardation

Answer 2

oxygen exchange inadequate
severe = abortion
lower grade = neonatal maladjustment

Question 3

cardio-vascular adaptation

Answer 3

• closure foramen ovale = increase lung circulation, increase pressure in left atrium
• closure ductus arteriosus = reflex respsonse to oxygenation blood - closed by 24 hours old
• umbilical vessels = vein collapses (no more blood flow) , arteries contract (when cord ruptures)

Question 4

respiratory function

Answer 4

• alveoli = precocial = form pre-partum
  = altricial = form post-partum
• surfactant = prevents alveoli collapse, late gestation
  -lung fluid = physical removal, absorptionv

Question 5

physical breathing stimulus

Answer 5

hypoxia/hypoxaemia
respiratory acidosis (acts on medulla oblongata)
hypercapnia

Question 6

physical breathing stimulus

Answer 6

lower temperature
tactile stimulus - dam licking offspring stimulates phrenic nerve
gravity

Question 7

lung expansion

Answer 7

gasp against glottis
pliable rib cage = active inspiration and expiration

Question 8

thermoregulation factors

Answer 8

• maintaining body temp
  -shivering v none shivering thermogenesis
• breed differences

Question 9

meconium

Answer 9

sterile - consists of water, hair, bile, epithelial cells, fat, swallowed amniotic fluid
first faecal material new born passes within 24 hours after birth

Question 10

neonatal immune defence

Answer 10

• non-immune effector cells (neutrophils ,basophils, macrophages)
• complement system

Question 11

immunoglobins

Answer 11

no immunoglobins at birth = provide colostrum

Question 12

lymphoid cells

Answer 12

cell-mediated immunity (T cells) = at birth
B-lymphocytes = 1/3 of adult @ birth
reduced by endo-genous steroids (released during initiation of parturition

Question 13

renal function

Answer 13

kidneys fully formed and functional in 2nd half gestation
urine excreted via urachus
expect to urinate within 18 hours of birth
post partum = increase GFR, high levels renin and aldosterone

Question 14

neurological system

Answer 14

• gain consciousness
• spinal reflexes
• skin sensation well developed
• suckling associated reflecxes

Question 15

musculo-skeletal adaptation

Answer 15

wide stance, exaggerated gait
tendon and ligament laxity