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ronan > NCMA 216: PRELIM > Flashcards

NCMA 216: PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

In PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE, when drug is taken by mouth, it undergoes 3 phases. What are these phases?

A
  1. Pharmaceutical/dissolution
  2. Pharmacokinetics
  3. Pharmacodynamics
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2
Q

In PHARMACEUTIC PHASE, _________ is the breakdown into smaller parts

A

Disintegration

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3
Q

In PHARMACEUTIC PHASE, ________ is the further breakdown into smaller parts in GIT-absorption; dissolve into liquid

A

Dissolution

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4
Q

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

A

TABLET → DISINTEGRATION →
DISSOLUTION

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5
Q

the 1st phase of drug action.

A

DISSOLUTION

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6
Q

___________ is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it

A

Rate of dissolution

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7
Q

are not 100% drug.

A

Tablets

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8
Q
  • excipients
A

Eillers and inert substances

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9
Q

Allow drugs to take on particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution.

A

EXCIPIENTS

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10
Q

Tablet Excipients Formula

A

Tablet Excipients = Tablets - Drug substance(s)

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11
Q

are the acidity of the stomach

A

Gastric ph

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12
Q

Normal gastric pH

A

1.5-3.5

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13
Q

Young/elderly acidity ph

A

above 3.5

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14
Q

liquids more absorbed than solid, already in solution, rapidly available for GI absorption

A

Form of drug ( LIQUID VS. SOLID) -

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15
Q

resist disintegration in gastric acid

A

Enteric coated drugs

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16
Q

Disintegration occurs only in

A

alkaline environment (intestine)

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17
Q

interfere with dissolution & absorption, enhance absorption of other drugs, may be protectants of gastric mucosa

A

Presence of food

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18
Q

Process of drug movement throughout the body that is necessary to achieve drug
action.

A

PHARMACOKINETICS

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19
Q

A drug taken orally is dissolved in the _________ and absorbed in the _________

A

STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE

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20
Q

Passive diffusion across cell membrane
By ____________ through
the spaces between cells
By ___________ of small drug
containing membrane vesicles
through cells, or by the action of drug transporter proteins

A

Paracellular Transport
Endocytosis

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21
Q

4 Process

A

● Absorption
● Distribution
● Metabolism: biotransformation
● Excretion: elimination

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22
Q

Physiological factors controlling the rate and reliability of drug absorption:

A

Blood flow to absorbing
site

Total surface area for
absorption

Time of arrival and
contact time at
absorption site

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23
Q

Physico-chemical factors controlling the rate and reliability of drug absorption:

A

solubility

Chemical stability

Lipid to water partition
coefficient

Degree of ionization

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24
Q

Movement of drug particles from GIT to body fluids involve 3 processes:

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Active Transport
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25
Q

drugs move across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

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26
Q

passive transport - requires a carrier such as enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient. This
does not require energy.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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27
Q

is the process by which cells carry a
drug across their membrane by
engulfing the drug particles in a
vesicle.

A

Pinocytosis

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28
Q

requires energy to facilitate the
transport of drug molecules against a concentration gradient, which usually occurs at specific sites in the small intestine

A

Active Transport

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29
Q

process by which drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues.
and is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.

A

DISTRIBUTION

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30
Q

Factors affecting drug distribution

A

● Size of the organ
● Blood flow
● Solubility

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31
Q

or biotransformation is the process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted

A

DRUG METABOLISM

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32
Q

Drug given orally may be metabolized by the liver before they reach the systemic
circulation

A

FIRST PASS METABOLISM

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33
Q

Often abbreviated as CYP.
Abundant in the liver and different types metabolizes different drugs

A

CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYMES

34
Q

Metabolize drugs through a variety of processes:

A

○ Oxidation
○ Hydrolysis
○ Hydroxylation

35
Q

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half.

A

Drug half-life

36
Q

time it takes for one half of drug concentration to be eliminated

A

Half-life/ Elimination half-life (t ½)

37
Q

given several times a day (ex.Penicillin G)

A

Short t1/2= 4-8 hrs

38
Q

given 2x or 1x/day (Ex. Digoxin)

A

Long t ½ = >12 hours

39
Q

removal of the drug from the body. Drug is changed into an inactive form and excreted
by the body.

A

DRUG EXCRETION

40
Q

Almost all drugs are filtered by the
______________.

A

glomerulus

41
Q

The protonated form of a weak acid is the neutral, more ____________ form

A

lipid-soluble

42
Q

are well absorbed in the stomach because they are uncharged at stomach pH.

A

Weak organic acids

43
Q

are better absorbed in the intestines where the pH is higher.

A

Weak bases

44
Q

● study of the effect of drugs on the body
● Drugs act within the body to mimic the
actions of the body’s own chemical
messengers.

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

45
Q

● how avidly a drug binds its receptor or how the chemical forces that cause a substance to bind its receptor.
● drug’s desire to connect to an open receptor
● It refers to how much attraction there is between a drug and a receptor, like a magnet to metal.

A

DRUG AFFINITY

46
Q

refers to the drug’s ability to activate the receptor once it has bound to it

A

DRUG EFFICACY

47
Q

the point at which
increasing a drugs dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response.

A

Maximal efficacy

48
Q

refers to the amount of drug
needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug.

A

POTENCY

49
Q

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug (ED50) and the
toxic dose of a drug (TD50)

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX (TI)

50
Q

The higher the therapeutic index – the drug is more ___________ to give.

A

safe

51
Q

Therapeutic Index Formula

A

Therapeutic Index = TD50 / ED50

52
Q

is the time it takes for a drug
to reach the minimum
effective concentration (MEC)
after administration.

A

ONSET

53
Q

occurs when it reaches its highest
concentration in the blood/plasma
concentration. T0- T2

A

PEAK

54
Q

● is the length of time the drug exerts a
therapeutic effect.
● period from onset until the drug effect is no
longer seen. T1-T3 (trough level)

A

DURATION OF ACTION

55
Q

Certain portion of drug molecule (active site) selectively combines with some molecular structure (reactive site) on the cell to produce a biologic effect

A

DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION

56
Q

drugs act at specific areas on cell
membranes; react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

A

RECEPTOR SITE

57
Q

● a specific chemical (key) approaches a cell
membrane and finds fit (the lock) at the receptor site- affects enzyme systems within cells producing certain effects.
● Drug+Receptor=Effect

A

“LOCK AND KEY THEORY”

58
Q

Drug Response may be:
__________ always desirable/ physiologic
effects

A

Primary

59
Q

Drug Response may be:
__________ desirable or undesirable

A

Secondary

60
Q

increased the rate of cell activity/
secretion from the gland.

A

Stimulation

61
Q

decreased rate of cell activity /
secretion from the gland.

A

Depression

62
Q

Interfere with bacterial cell growth

A

inhibition/Killing of Organism

63
Q

Laxativeirritate the inner
wall of colon—increased peristalsis—increased defecation

A

Irritation

64
Q

2 drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect

A

ADDITIVE EFFECT: 1+1=2

65
Q

combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given alone;

A

SYNERGISTIC: 1+1=3

66
Q

when one drug does not elicit a response on its own but enhances the response to another drug.

A

POTENTIATION: 0+1=2

67
Q

means we can often predict these reactions
from our knowledge of the
pharmacodynamic properties of a drug.

A

TYPE A: AUGMENTED

68
Q

sometimes called an adverse drug event–ADE

A

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS (ADR)

68
Q

one drug inhibits the effect of another drug

A

ANTAGONISTIC: 1+1=0

69
Q

study of ADRs is called _________. It is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended.

A

PHARMACOVIGILANCE

70
Q

where the reaction is wholly unexpected and
could not be predicted from the
pharmacodynamic properties of the drug

A

TYPE B: BIZARRE

71
Q

● Response to patient’s immunological system to the presence of the drug
● Do not occur unless the patient has been previously exposed to the agent/ chemical related compound
● Occurs when the patient is first exposed to the drug

A

ALLERGIC REACTION

72
Q

The degree to which a drug can be
poisonous and thus harmful to the human body.

A

TOXICITY

73
Q

Unintentional responses as a result of medical treatment

A

IATROGENIC RESPONSES

74
Q

Ototoxic Drugs

A

● Aminoglycosides
● Diuretics
● Antimalarials
● Anticancer drugs
● Analgesics
● Miscellaneous

75
Q

nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

76
Q

brain and spinal cord.

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

77
Q

○ Voluntary
○ Skeletal muscles and sensory
information.
○ Carry messages from the outer areas
of the body

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

78
Q

sensory neuron

A

Afferent

79
Q

motor neurons

A

Efferent

79
Q

○ Involuntary physiologic processes
○ cardiac and smooth muscles
○ glandular secretions

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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