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Music Business > Music Business Final Exam > Flashcards

Music Business Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

The name for the fee an artist is promised for a show, regardless of how many tickets are sold

A

Guarantee

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2
Q

The part of a gig contract that shows where on the stage the instruments should be placed

A

Stage Plot

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3
Q

The name for the budgetary bench mark specifying the agreed upon total cost of a show, above which an artist might receive additional payments if the show turns a profit

A

Split Point

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4
Q

The slang term for fees- a percentage of profits- an artist may receive if ticket sales revenues exceed a previously agreed upon budgetary benchmark

A

Back End

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5
Q

THe one who finds live performance employment for artists

A

Booking Agent

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6
Q

The one who selects and hires artists for live performances

A

Talent Buyer

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7
Q

The one who takes the financial risk on a concert

A

Promoter

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8
Q

The name for an announcement that an artist is accepting offers for a certain region and/or time frame

A

Avail

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9
Q

The term for the gig that pays so much it supports the rest of the tour

A

Anchor Date

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10
Q

The term for a gig used to fill an off day on a tour

A

Routing Date

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11
Q

The term for a gig that is not part of a tour

A

One-Off

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12
Q

If a gig in Seattle says that a gig by the same artist in Spokane is too close, it is invoking

A

Market Exclusivity

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13
Q

When the artist’s representative says to the concert organizer, “That sounds workable - send it to me,” they are looking for something in writing that is called what?

A

Offer

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14
Q

The name for the maximum amount of money that a show can generate. Give both the term and the formula used to calculate it

A

Gross Potential- Capacity x ticket price

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15
Q

The money paid upfront to confirm a show and hold the date on the artist’s schedule

A

Deposit

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16
Q

The type of account where money paid prior to a who is held for safe keeping

A

Escrow account

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17
Q

After a show, hen expenses and revenues are sorted and final payments are made, it’s called the

A

Settlement

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18
Q

When an artist pays a percentage of gross revenue to an agent or manager, it’s called a

A

Commission

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19
Q

The term for the instruments and other gear - whether provided by the artist or the host of the show - that are required onstage for the performance

A

Backline

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20
Q

The part of a gig contract that specifies the types of gear required for a show and what is acceptable to the artist

A

Tech Rider

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21
Q

Sales of food, beverage and merchandise at a show are called

A

Concessions

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22
Q

The part of a gig contract that specifies what kind of food an artist wants or doesn’t want

A

Hospitality Rider

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23
Q

The term for money paid to the artist for them to get their own food or perhaps use their own gear

A

Buy-out

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24
Q

The clause in a gig contract that is typically invoked to justify a cancellation

A

Force Majeure

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25
Q

When the artist’s tour manager and the event organizer talk through all the details of the upcoming show, it’s called a what?

A

Advance

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26
Q

Give the textbook definition of copyright

A

A limited-duration monopoly on the right to reproduce and distribute intellectual property

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27
Q

The type of copyright that protects the “master” is called

A

Sound Recording or S.R.

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28
Q

The Sound Recording copyright is typically controlled by whom

A

The record company

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29
Q

The type of copyright that controls the words and music of a song is called

A

Performing Artwork or P.A.

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30
Q

The Performing Artwork Copyright is typically controlled by whom

A

The composer or publisher

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31
Q

The mechanical royalty is paid by whom and to whom?

A

By the record company to composers, through their publishers

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32
Q

The amount of the mechanical royalty is determined by

A

Congress- set rate of approx $0.091 per copy of a song distributed

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33
Q

The type of contract in which a music publisher represents a songwriter in exchange for an ownership stake in the copyrights of the writer’s songs is called

A

Publishing or Co-publishing

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34
Q

The type of contract on which a music publisher does not have an ownership stake in copyrights, but instead works on a commission basis, is called what

A

An Administration Deal

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35
Q

The public performance royalty is paid BY what kinds of entities

A

Broadcasters, venues, places where music is performed (on record or in person) for the public

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36
Q

The generic name for groups that collect the public performance is

A

Performance Rights Organizations

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37
Q

The names of the three companies in the USA that collect public performance royalties for terrestrial radio broadcasts

A

ASCAP, BMI and SESAC

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38
Q

The public performance royalty for non-digital transmissions in the US is paid TO

A

Composers, through their publishers (and PROs)

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39
Q

The public performance royalty for non-digital transmissions in the US is NOT paid to whom

A

Artists (performers) or labels (owners of master recordings)

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40
Q

Name 3 other countries that do not pay public performance royalties from non-digital transmissions to artists and labels

A

Iran, North Korea, China

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41
Q

What’s the name of the legal case that justified the issue of not paying public performance royalties to artists and labels for non-digital transmissions in the USA

A

RCA vs. Whiteman

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42
Q

What’s the name of the relatively new company that was set up to collect a new type of public performance royalty in the USA only for digital transmissions?

A

SoundExchange

43
Q

For music licensing, the type of entity that might need music- film, TV, commercials, video games- is generally referred to as what?

A

Visual media

44
Q

The person who chooses the music for a film or TV show is called the

A

Music Supervisor

45
Q

The type of license needed to put a specific recording in a movie is called the

A

Master Use License

46
Q

The Master Use License is typically issued by the

A

Record Company

47
Q

The type of license needed to put the words and music of a song in a movie is called the

A

Synchronization (“sync”) license

48
Q

The Synchronization license is typically issued by the

A

Publisher

49
Q

“Royalty-free” music is music that is typically produced and marketed by what kind of company

A

Production Music Library

50
Q

When a film production secures all the rights for a composition and a master to use in a movie and licenses each song individually, it’s sometimes referred to as a

A

Needle Drop or Placement

51
Q

When a film composer writes a movie score for a flatt fee, and relinquishes control of the copyright, it’s called a what?

A

Work for Hire

52
Q

When the copyright on a song has lapsed and anyone can record it, it’s called what?

A

Public Domain

53
Q

The person who tries to get artists or movies to use a song is called a what

A

Song Plugger

54
Q

When publisher is able to get an artist to record a writer’s song, or to get a movie to use it, it’s called a what

A

Cover, Cut, or Placement

55
Q

The name of a company that tracks the exact number of spins a record gets from week to week

A

BDS- Broadcast Data Systems

56
Q

In the real world, under what circumstances will a songwriter see significant public performance royalties?

A

It’s a radio hit

57
Q

When a writer invokes says no one else may record her song because she intends to record it, the writer is invoking what prerogative?

A

First Use

58
Q

What determines the duration of a record deal

A

The number of options

58
Q

What was the name of the ery first copyright law, in England?

A

The Statute of St. Anne

59
Q

What is the name for the performers monetary payment and a record deal

A

The artist royalty

60
Q

The artist of royalty in based on what

A

The percentage of net record sales

61
Q

The level of that compensation is determined by what two factors (hint: how is it different from mechanicals)

A

Negotiation and artist stature

62
Q

Money paid by the label for recording and other expenses is called what

A

The advance

63
Q

What is the term for how record labels ensure that money invested in a project will come back to them before the artist is paid

A

Recoupment

64
Q

When the label insists on using the profits from one album cover the debt of a prior album it is called what

A

Cross collateralization

65
Q

When the recording artist is also a songwriter who records her own material those songs on the record are referred to as what

A

Controlled compositions

66
Q

When a record label wants part of your gig and merchandise money what kind of deal is it

A

360

67
Q

Give examples of three types of expenses or advances that are either fully or partly recoupable

A

Advance,tour support, video, indie promotion

68
Q

Name three record selling expenses that typically Are not recoupable

A

Manufacturing, shipping, advertising

69
Q

The promotions team at a record label focuses on what

A

Radio

70
Q

The most powerful department at a record label is what

A

Business affairs/legal

71
Q

Major labels typically reserve the right to be the exclusive distributor of an artist’s recordings in which territory or territories

A

The universe

72
Q

What is meant by two firm record deal

A

The label picks up two options at once and guarantees to release two albums

73
Q

When a label agrees to release an album 18 months after the prior album does that mean exactly 18 calendar months

A

No

74
Q

When the artist secures the right to obtain ownership of the master recording after a certain length of time it’s called what kind of clause in the contract

A

Reversion clause

75
Q

Why is reversion different from copyright termination

A

Reversion is negotiated, copyright termination is the law. also reversion is only for the Masters.copyright termination is also for the publishing

76
Q

An artist who expects to want to make appearances on lots of records by other artists not signed to the same label is seeking what clause in a recording contract

A

A liberal sideman clause

77
Q

A record company executive who says I don’t hear a single is invoking what clause in a recording contract

A

The right for the label to determine what constitutes commercially satisfactory

78
Q

What’s the difference between points earned by an outside producer and those earned by recording artist

A

A producers artists royalty points are paid from record one. example: every record sold whether before or after recruitment. an artist’s are only paid on albums sold after recoupment

79
Q

Why does a record label use a minimum/maximum formula to calculate the recording budget for successive albums in a record deal

A

Advances are based on a percentage of royalties earned from the previous album. The minimum guarantees a sufficient budget if no royalties are earned and the maximum protection protects the label from spending too much if you just amounts of royalties are earned

80
Q

Websites that you pay to sell your music online

A

Digital music distribution companies

81
Q

A digital music distribution Company who partners with companies to deliver your music to these online providers and more at no extra cost

A

CD baby

82
Q

Reduces the volume of loud sounds or amplifies quiet sounds by narrowing an audio signals dynamic range it is commonly used in sound recording and reproduction and broadcasting and on instrument amplifiers

A

Music compression

83
Q

And encoding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression it is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage

A

MP3

84
Q

The distribution and sharing of digital documents and computer files using the technology of networking

A

Peer-to-peer filesharing

85
Q

Originally founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer filesharing Internet service that emphasized sharing audio files, typically music, encoded in MP3 format. the original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement ceased operations and was eventually acquired by Roxio

A

Napster

86
Q

A line of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple the first line was released in 2001

A

iPod

87
Q

The media player and media library application developed by Apple it is used to play download and organize digital audio and video on personal computers running the OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems it was introduced in 2003

A

ITunes Music Store

88
Q

A class of controversial technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with the intent to control the use of digital content and devices after sale

A

Digital rights management

89
Q

Any effort designed to prevent the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media, usually for copyright reasons

A

Copy protection

90
Q

A digital rights management technology created by Apple based on technology created by the company Verifisc. built into QuickTime multimedia software and used by Apple products.

A

Apple’s fairplay

91
Q

Digital distributors that charge a percentage of sales

A

CD baby, IODA, the orchard

92
Q

Digital distributor that charges a flat fee

A

Tunecore

93
Q

Digital distribution outlets

A

ITunes, Rhapsody, Amazon, Radio, Spotify, YouTube

94
Q

Funding that specifically pertains to music. Occurs in conjunction with direct to fan marketing. Fans of music have the option to donate and collectively raise money with the goal of jumpstarting the career of a given musical artist.

A

Fan funding models/crowdfunding

95
Q

A business model used by independent musicians, independent music labels, music marketing professionals, promoters, and others in the music industry. Becoming a model used by the broad definition of artists, including comedians, visual artists, and other entertainers looking to build and leverage fan community throughout their career. Uses relationships to expand Fanbase

A

Direct to fan

96
Q

Engaging with fans through Facebook Twitter messaging and other online social websites

A

Fan engagement

97
Q

Cofounder of the nonprofit, open-source software project for recording artists called cash music founded in 1997 was an online music subscription service

A

Kristin Hersh

98
Q

A crowd funding website, record label and business model for creative artists which allows them to fund their products utilizing a fan funding model to allow the general public to directly finance, watch the creative process of the recording, and in most cases gain access to extra material from an artist

A

Artist share introduced in 2000

99
Q

Launched her own crowdfunding campaign in February 2009 for the song I kissed a girl

A

Jill Sobule

100
Q

A crowdfunding website launched in April 2009 by a Tulane student

A

Kick starter

101
Q

Other crowdfunding websites include

A

Gig funder, Indy gogo, pledge music

102
Q

Spurred by the jazz fest on line messageboard in 2005 crowd funded

A

Threadhead records

103
Q

She crowd sourced volunteer musicians and did not pay them while on tour this created a controversy

A

Amanda Palmer

Music Business (1 decks)

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