Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What are the functions of the bones?

Answer 2

Protection

Support

Muscle attachment

Reservoir for nutrients

Question 3

What can the skull be divided into?

Answer 3

The skull can be divided into the:

Calvarium: The brain case

The facial skeleton: this includes the mandible

Question 4

The calvarium consists of a number of flat bones.

What are these?

Answer 4

On image

Question 5

How many bones has the skull got?

Answer 5

22

Question 6

What are the main bones of the skull called?

Answer 6

On image

Question 7

What is found in the occipital bone of the head

Answer 7

foramen magnum (a large opening through which the spinal cord will travel):

Question 8

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 8

The vertebral column has a few functions:

Protection – encloses and protects the spinal cord within the spinal canal.

Support – carries the weight of the body above the pelvis.

Axis – forms the central axis of the body.

Movement – has roles in both posture and movement.

Question 9

How many bones has the vertebral column got?

Answer 9

There are 33 bones that make up the vertebral column. They are separate in the neck and trunk but they fuse together inferiorly as the sacrum and the coccyx.

The first seven bones are the cervical bones.

Then we have 12 thoracic bones

5 lumbar bones

5 sacrum bones

4 coccyx bones

There are vertebral disks between these layers

Question 10

Identify the main features of the vertebral body

Where does the intervertebral disk lie?

Where is the vertical canal?

What are the points of the vertebral body?

What do the superior and anterior articular processes do?

Answer 10

On image

The intervertebral disk lies on top of the vertebral body. Sitting above and below

The vertebral canal is the hole in the middle, where the spinal cord passes through.

The middle pointy bit is the spinus process. Next to them are the transverse processes.

You also have the superior and interior articular processes. Where each vertebrae articulate with the ones above and below.

The notches are where the ribs articulate

Question 11

How many ribs are there, and what do they form?

Answer 11

The ribs are a set of twelve bones which form the protective ‘cage’ of the thorax. They articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as cartilage (known as costal cartilage).

Question 12

What is the function of the ribs?

Answer 12

As part of the bony thorax, the ribs protect the internal thoracic organs. They also have a role in breathing – during chest expansion the ribcage moves to permit lung inflation.

Question 13

When is the thoracic vertebrae in relation to the ribs?

What is the inferior border of the rib cage called?

What is attached to it?

Answer 13

The thoracic vertebrae is behind the rib cage

The inferior border of the costal cage is called the costal margin. Attached to it on the inside of the body is the diaphragm.

Question 14

What is the sternum divided into?

Answer 14

The sternum can be divided into 3 parts:

The manubrium which is the superior part

The body which is the middle part

Xiphoidal process

Question 15

What is an important landmark the the manubrium sternum joint?

Answer 15

he manubrium sternal joint brings us to the 2nd intercostal space.

Question 16

What form the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 16

On image

Question 17

Locate the clavicle and what does it articulate

Answer 17

Here we have the clavicle, which articulates at the sternum (sternoclavicular joint.)

Laterally it articulates with the scapula at the acromio forming the acromioclavicular joint.

Question 18

Identify the important landmarks on the scapula

Answer 18

On image

Question 19

Where does the spine of the scapula project?

Answer 19

he spine of the scapula (green and white) which project posteriorly.

Question 20

What is the Coracoid process?

Answer 20

A site of muscle attachment

Question 21

Where does the posterior surface of the scapula facea and what it is marked by?

Answer 21

The posterior surface of the scapula faces outwards. It is a site of origin for the majority of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder.

It is marked by:

Spine – the most prominent feature of the posterior scapula. It runs transversely across the scapula, dividing the surface into two.

Acromion – projection of the spine that arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

Infraspinous fossa – the area below the spine of the scapula, it displays a convex shape.

The infraspinatus muscle originates from this area

Here is the suprascapular notch – it is then closed by the suprascapular ligament and a nerve will pass through it

Question 22

Where does the lateral surface of the scapula face

Answer 22

The lateral surface of the scapula faces the humerus

Question 23

What attaches to the lateral surface of the scapula?

What is the glenoid fossa?

What is it flat?

What does it form?

What is the supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle?

Answer 23

It is the site of the glenohumeral joint, and of various muscle attachments. Its important bony landmarks include:

Glenoid fossa – a shallow cavity, located superiorly on the lateral border.

This is quite flat so it can attach to the hummerous. The congruence is poor, so there is a wide range of motion but lack of stability.

It articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Supraglenoid tubercle – a roughening immediately superior to the glenoid fossa.

The place of attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii.

Infraglenoid tubercle – a roughening immediately inferior to the glenoid fossa.

The place of attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii.

Question 24

What is the humerus?

Answer 24

The humerus is a long bone of the upper limb, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow.

Question 25

Where does the head of the humerus articulate?

Answer 25

The head of the humerus is the round region that articulates to the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Question 26

Identify some landmarks of the humerus

Answer 26

The greater and lesser tuberosity are the sites of muscle attachment

The intertubercular groove is where a tendon of the biceps will run.

The shaft is the long part of the bone. The raised rough region is the deltoid tuberosity, where the deltoid muscle will attach.

There is also a smooth surface called the radial groove, this is where the radial nerve passes down.

Question 27

Identify the important regions of the distal end of the humerus

Answer 27

The epicondyle are sites for muscle attachment

The rounded regions at the ends are for articulation with the radial and ulnar

On the posterior view we have the olecranon fossa which is where the olecranon of the ulnar will engage with, when the elbow is extended