Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Humerus cyst

Answer 1

Seen on radiograph as medulla/cavity of bone is wider and the cortex is thinner in the abnormal part of the shaft

Question 2

Fractured clavicle

Answer 2

Takes the main force of impact when fall
Strut to the axial skeleton
As s shaped has a point of weakness at junction of central third, fractured end is pulled down by the weight of the arm

Question 3

Paralysis of the serratus anterior

Answer 3

Winging of the scapula

Medial border becomes prominent because the oblique pull of pectoralis minor, which also protracts

Question 4

Frozen shoulder

Answer 4

Follows Mild trauma in the glenohumeral joint
Pain and stiffness of the joint, inability to perform full range of shoulder movements
Thickening of capsule and digerati on of rotator cuff

Question 5

Dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 5

Dislocation of humerus usually downward and anteriorly as a result of downward blow on a ducted humerus
Head of humerus stretches weakest part of capsule and comes to lie below the coronoid process
Axillary nerve most likely to be damaged because it lies just beneath the dependent part of the capsule

Question 6

Olecranon bursitis

Answer 6

Between olecranon process and skin is a bursa
Does not communicate with the elbow joint
Can become enlarged, inflamed and painful
Caused by localised pressure, friction or infection

Question 7

Ruptured biceps tendon

Answer 7

Long head tendon prone to spontaneous rupture

Due to degeneration of collagen in the tendon

Question 8

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus

Answer 8

Fall on outstretched hand
Shaft of humerus broken just above conduces and lower fragment is pushed and tilted backwards
Complication : ischaemia of forearm muscles as brachial is artery lies ventrally

Question 9

Dislocation of the head of the radius

Answer 9

Childs forearm tugged the head of radius may dislocate dismally through the annular ligament

Question 10

Tennis elbow

Answer 10

Inflammation of tendons attached to common extensor origin

Golfers elbow at medial epicondyle

Question 11

Colles fracture

Answer 11

Fall on outstretched hand in aged (weaker bones)
Wrist joint capsule causes the upward, backward and lateral displacement of the distal part of the radius
Displaces articulate surface of radius

Question 12

Mallet finger

Answer 12

Avulsed extensor tendon

Torn from its insertion into distal interphalangeal joint, and so it can only flex

Question 13

Fall on outstretched hand

Answer 13

Scaphoid bone transmits the most force as has most contact with the radius