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Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the muscular system?

A

All the muscles in the body

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2
Q

List four properties of muscular tissue.

A
  • Contractility
  • Electric Excitability
  • Elasticity
  • Extensibility
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3
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue for the head and neck region ?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
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4
Q

Describe the appearance of skeletal muscle cells.

A

Long, threadlike cells (muscle fibers), each with multiple nuclei, and a striated appearance

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5
Q

Where are smooth muscle cells typically found in the body?

A

Layers within the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

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6
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

Fusiform

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7
Q

How many nuclei do smooth muscle cells have?

A

One (1)

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8
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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9
Q

Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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10
Q

Name examples of smooth muscles and their locations.

A

Trachealis muscle (trachea)
Erector pili muscle (skin)
Ciliary muscle (in the eyeball)
Dilator pupilae muscle (in eyeball)
Sphincter pupilae muscle ( in eyeball)

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11
Q

Which muscle type is found in the walls of bronchi?

A

Smooth muscle

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12
Q

What type of muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscle

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13
Q

Which organ contains both skeletal and smooth muscle in its walls?

A

Oesophagus

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14
Q

How many fascia layers are in the neck?

A

Two (2)

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15
Q

What are the two fascia layers in the neck?

A

Superficial fascia and deep fascia

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16
Q

What type of tissue is the superficial fascia primarily composed of?

A

Connective tissue

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17
Q

Which muscle does the superficial fascia enclose?

A

Platysma muscle

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18
Q

List three structures found within the superficial fascia of the neck.

A

Cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, superficial lymph nodes

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the deep fascia in the neck?

A

To support muscles, vessels, and viscera of the neck

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20
Q

Name the four fibrous sheets formed by the condensed deep fascia.

A

Investing layer
Pre-tracheal layer
Pre-vertebral layer
Carotid sheath

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21
Q

Which muscles are enclosed by the investing layer of the deep fascia?

A

Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Infrahyoid muscles

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22
Q

Which glands are enclosed by the pre-tracheal layer of the deep fascia?

A

Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

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23
Q

What structures are enclosed by the pre-tracheal layer besides the glands?

A

Trachea and esophagus

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24
Q

Which muscle groups are enclosed by the pre-vertebral layer?

A

Prevertebral muscles
Scalene muscles
Deep back muscles

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25
Q

What does CCA stand for in the context of the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery

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26
Q

What does ICA stand for in the context of the carotid sheath?

A

Internal carotid artery

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27
Q

Which structures are enclosed by the carotid sheath

A
  • CCA
  • ICA
  • Vagus nerve
  • Internal jugular vein
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28
Q

Apart from the CCA, ICA, and internal jugular vein, what other structure is enclosed by the carotid sheath?

A

Vagus nerve

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29
Q

Explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.

A

Extrinsic muscles are superficial and hold a structure in place, attaching it to other body parts.

Intrinsic muscles are deep within a structure, typically smaller, and connect smaller parts within the structure.

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30
Q

Provide four examples of structures containing both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.

A

Pharynx
larynx
tongue
eye

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31
Q

How many groups of muscles are in the neck region?

A

Four (4)

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32
Q

List the four groups of muscles in the neck region.

A

Superficial muscles
suprahyoid muscles
infrahyoid muscles
vertebral muscles

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33
Q

Name the three superficial muscles of the side of the neck.

A

Platysma
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

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34
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

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35
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the platysma muscle?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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36
Q

What is unusual about the platysma muscle in terms of its location and function?

A

Although located in the neck, it is considered a muscle of facial expression

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37
Q

List the four suprahyoid muscles.

A

Digastric muscle
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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38
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscles?

A

Anterior belly: Nerve to mylohyoid

Posterior belly: digastric branch of facial nerve

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39
Q

List the four infrahyoid muscles.

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

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40
Q

Name the five vertebral muscles.

A

Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, posterior)
Longus colli
Longus capitis
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis

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41
Q

What is the anatomical significance of the anterior scalene muscle?

A

It separates the subclavian vein (anteriorly) from the subclavian artery

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42
Q

Why is the anterior scalene muscle considered a landmark

A

It separates the subclavian vein (anteriorly) from the subclavian artery (posteriorly)

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43
Q

What two main triangles are formed by the neck muscles?

A

Anterior triangle and posterior triangle

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44
Q

Which muscle divides the neck into the anterior and posterior triangles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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45
Q

Which neck triangle is anterior and posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Anterior to sternocleidomastoid: anterior triangle

Posterior to sternocleidomastoid: posterior triangle

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46
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior border: Sternocleidomastoid m.

Posterior border: Trapezius m.

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47
Q

Which structure divides the posterior triangle into two smaller triangles

A

Inferior belly of omohyoid m. divides it into two smaller triangles

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48
Q

List four important structures found within the posterior triangle of the neck.

A

Internal jugular vein
Subclavian vessels (artery and vein)
Origin of the brachial plexus
Origin of the phrenic nerve

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49
Q

Into how many smaller triangles can the anterior triangle of the neck be subdivided?

A

Four (4)

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50
Q

List the four smaller triangles within the anterior triangle of the neck.

A

Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle

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51
Q

Which muscles border which triangles from the anterior triangle of the neck

A
  • Suprahyoid muscles borders:
    Submental and submandibular triangles
  • Infrahyoid muscles border:
    Muscular and Carotid triangles
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52
Q

What important structure does the carotid triangle contain?

A

Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve (CN X))

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53
Q

Which group of neck muscles forms the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

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54
Q

Which group of neck muscles forms the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A

Suprahyoid muscles

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55
Q

How many main groups of muscles are there in the face?

A

Two (2)

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56
Q

What are the two main groups of muscles in the face?

A

Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication

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57
Q

What is the other name for the muscles of facial expression?

A

“Emotion muscles”

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58
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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59
Q

How many muscles of facial expression are there?

A

Seventeen (17)

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60
Q

What is the other name for the muscles of mastication?

A

“ Chewing muscles “

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61
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of) trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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62
Q

How many muscles of mastication are there?

A

Four (4)

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63
Q

Name the muscle of the orbital group

A

Orbicularis oculi ( surrounds the eye)

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64
Q

Name the muscle of the oral group

A
  • Orbicularis oris (Surrounds the mouth)
  • Buccinator (Cheek)
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65
Q

Name the other muscles of the scale and face

A
  • Occipitofrontalis
  • Platysma
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66
Q

What type of muscle is the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

Muscle of facial expression

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67
Q

What facial expression does the occipitofrontalis muscle produce?

A

Frown

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68
Q

List the five layers of the scalp from superficial to deep.

A

Skin, (dense) connective tissue, aponeurosis (of occipitofrontalis muscle), loose connective tissue, pericranium

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69
Q

List the names of the muscles of mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Medial pterygoid
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70
Q

The scalp contains only this one muscle

A

Occipitofrontalis muscle

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71
Q

How many groups of muscles are in the oral cavity?

A

Two (2)

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72
Q

Name the two groups of muscles found in the oral cavity.

A

Muscles of the tongue and muscles in the walls of the oral cavity (soft palate)

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73
Q

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles in terms of their attachments?

A

Extrinsic tongue muscles attach the tongue to the oral cavity.
Intrinsic tongue muscles alter the shape of the tongue.

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74
Q

List the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A

Palatoglossus m.
genioglossus m.
styloglossus m.
hyoglossus m.

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75
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies most of the tongue muscles?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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76
Q

Which tongue muscle is an exception and is NOT supplied by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus muscle

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77
Q
  1. Which cranial nerve supplies the palatoglossus muscle?
A

Vagus nerve

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78
Q

Name the muscle that forms the uvula.

A

Musculus uvulae

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79
Q

Which two muscles of the soft palate can only be properly identified when covered by mucous membranes?

A

Levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini

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80
Q

What structure does the palatopharyngeus muscle form?

A

Palatopharyngeal fold

81
Q

How many muscles are located in the middle ear?

A

Two (2)

82
Q

Name the two muscles found in the middle ear.

A

Stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle

83
Q

What structures are the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles associated with?

A

Ear ossicles

84
Q

State the two main functions of the middle ear muscles.

A
  • Assist in the movement of ossicles
  • Dampen loud noises
85
Q

How many groups of muscles are associated with the eye?

A

Two (2)

86
Q

Name the two groups of muscles associated with the eye.

A

Intrinsic eye muscles
Extrinsic eye muscles

87
Q

Where are the intrinsic eye muscles found?

A

Within the eye ball

88
Q

What do intrinsic eye muscles control?

A

The shape of the lens and size of the pupil

89
Q

What type of muscle tissue are intrinsic eye muscles composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

90
Q

Give three examples of intrinsic eye muscles.

A

Ciliary muscle
sphincter pupillae muscle
dilator pupillae muscle

91
Q

What is another name for extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Extra-ocular muscles

92
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeball?

A

Six (6)

93
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles move the upper eyelids?

A

One (1)

94
Q

What type of muscle tissue are extrinsic eye muscles composed of?

A

Skeletal muscles

95
Q

Name the six extrinsic eye muscles that move the eyeball.

A

Superior rectus m.
Inferior rectus m.
Medial rectus m.
Inferior oblique m.
Lateral rectus m.
Superior oblique m.

96
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle?

A

Abducent nerve

97
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle?

A

Trochlear nerve

98
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the remaining four extrinsic eye muscles (excluding lateral rectus and superior oblique)?

A

Oculomotor nerve

99
Q

The platysma muscle is a muscle of mastication. (True/False)

A

False

100
Q

The investing layer of deep cervical fascia encloses the trachea. (True/False)

A

False

101
Q

The tensor tympani muscle is involved in hearing. (True/False)

A

True

102
Q

The anterior scalene muscle is a landmark for the subclavian artery. (True/False)

A

True

103
Q

Smooth muscle cells have multiple nuclei. (True/False)

A

False

104
Q

Intrinsic muscles are responsible for movements of a structure as a whole. (True/False)

A

False

105
Q

The carotid sheath is a part of the superficial fascia. (True/False)

A

False

106
Q

The muscles of mastication are supplied by the facial nerve. (True/False)

A

False

107
Q

Match the muscle to its correct group:
Options:
a. Sternohyoid b. Orbicularis oculi c. Masseter d. Stapedius e. Genioglossus

Group:
1. Muscle of the ear
2. Muscles of facial expression
3. Muscles of mastication
4. Muscles of the tongue
5. Infrahyoid muscles

A

a. 5
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1
e. 4

108
Q

Match the fascia layer to its contents:
Layer:
a. Investing layer b. Pre-tracheal layer c. Carotid sheath

Contents:
1. Vagus nerve 2. Trapezius muscle 3. Thyroid gland

A

a. 2
b. 3
c. 1

109
Q

Describe the function and location of the platysma muscle.

A

The platysma is a superficial muscle in the neck, considered a muscle of facial expression. It tenses the skin of the neck and depresses the mandible.

110
Q

What is the difference between the pre-tracheal and pre-vertebral layers of deep cervical fascia in terms of their location and the structures they enclose?

A

The pre-tracheal layer is anterior to the trachea and encloses the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, trachea, and esophagus. The pre-vertebral layer is posterior to these structures, covering the prevertebral and scalene muscles, as well as deep back muscles.

111
Q

Explain the roles of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles in the function of the tongue.

A

Extrinsic muscles control the tongue’s position within the oral cavity, allowing for movements like protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side motion. Intrinsic muscles, located within the tongue itself, are responsible for fine motor control, changing the tongue’s shape for speech and swallowing.

112
Q

What is the clinical significance of the carotid sheath?

A

The carotid sheath protects vital neurovascular structures in the neck, including the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. Damage to these structures can have significant clinical consequences.

113
Q

Briefly describe the function of the stapedius muscle.

A

This small muscle in the middle ear is attached to the stapes, one of the tiny bones responsible for sound transmission. It contracts in response to loud noises, dampening the vibration of the stapes and protecting the inner ear from damage.

114
Q

Which muscle group is primarily responsible for smiling?

A

Zygomaticus major and minor

115
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Closes the eyelids

116
Q

Which muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows?

A

Frontalis (part of the occipitofrontalis muscle)

117
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscle?

A

Compresses the cheeks, important for actions like blowing air and sucking.

118
Q

Which muscle group is responsible for frowning?

A

Corrugator supercilii and procerus

119
Q

What is the function of the mentalis muscle?

A

Wrinkles the chin and protrudes the lower lip

120
Q

Which muscle elevates the upper lip?

A

Levator labii superioris

121
Q

What is the function of the depressor anguli oris muscle?

A

Depresses the corners of the mouth (frowning)

122
Q

Which muscle is responsible for pouting?

A

Mentalis

123
Q

What is the function of the risorius muscle?

A

Draws the corners of the mouth laterally (smiling)

124
Q

Which muscle group is responsible for closing the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris, masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

125
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Protrudes the mandible and moves it laterally

126
Q

Which muscle elevates the hyoid bone?

A

All suprahyoid muscles

127
Q

Which muscle depresses the hyoid bone?

A

All infrahyoid muscles

128
Q

What is the function of the longus colli and longus capitis muscles?

A

Flexion of the head and neck

129
Q

What is the function of the rectus capitis anterior and lateralis muscles?

A

Flexion and lateral flexion of the head, respectively

130
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

Controls the shape of the lens, important for focusing

131
Q

What is the function of the sphincter pupillae muscle?

A

Constricts the pupil

132
Q

What is the function of the dilator pupillae muscle?

A

Dilates the pupil

133
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction of the eye?

A

Abduction is the movement of the eye away from the nose, while adduction is the movement of the eye towards the nose.

134
Q

Which muscles are responsible for abduction, adduction, elevation, and depression of the eye, respectively?

A

o Abduction: Lateral rectus
o Adduction: Medial rectus
o Elevation: Superior rectus, inferior oblique
o Depression: Inferior rectus, superior oblique

135
Q

What is ophthalmoplegia?

A

Ophthalmoplegia is a condition that affects the eye muscles, causing paralysis or weakness in eye movements.

136
Q

What are the potential causes of ophthalmoplegia?

A

Causes of ophthalmoplegia include nerve damage, muscle disorders, thyroid disease, and stroke.

137
Q

A patient presents with difficulty swallowing and speaking. Which muscle groups could be affected?

A

Muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx.

138
Q

A patient has Bell’s palsy, which causes facial paralysis. Which cranial nerve is affected, and which muscle group is involved?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII), muscles of facial expression.

139
Q

A patient has a strained sternocleidomastoid muscle. What movements would be painful?

A

Head rotation and lateral flexion to the opposite side.

140
Q

A patient has a tumor in the parotid gland, which is located near the masseter muscle. What function might be affected?

A

Chewing (mastication).

141
Q

A patient has a drooping eyelid. Which muscle is likely affected?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

142
Q

A patient has difficulty looking laterally. Which cranial nerve and muscle are likely affected?

A

Abducens nerve (CN VI) and lateral rectus muscle.

143
Q

A patient has a sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Which muscle group is likely involved?

A

Pharyngeal muscles.

144
Q

A singer complains of hoarseness. Which muscle group might be strained?

A

Laryngeal muscles.

145
Q

A patient has difficulty moving their tongue. Which cranial nerve is likely affected?

A
146
Q
  1. A patient has a condition that affects the muscles in the walls of their digestive tract. What type of muscle is affected?
A

Smooth muscle

147
Q
  1. Describe the actions of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus muscles.
A
148
Q
  1. Explain how the superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles contribute to eye movements.
A
149
Q
  1. What is the role of the trapezius muscle in shoulder movement?
A
150
Q
  1. Describe the location and function of the scalene muscles.
A
151
Q
  1. What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and what movements does it produce?
A
152
Q
  1. Explain the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle.
A
153
Q
  1. What is the function of a synergist muscle?
A
154
Q
  1. What is the function of an antagonist muscle?
A
155
Q
  1. Give an example of a muscle pair that acts as synergists.
A
156
Q
  1. Give an example of a muscle pair that acts as antagonists.
A
157
Q
  1. What is muscle tone, and why is it important?
A
158
Q
  1. Explain the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions.
A
159
Q
  1. Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
A
160
Q
  1. What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
A
161
Q
  1. What is muscle fatigue, and what are some of its causes?
A
162
Q
  1. What are the benefits of regular exercise for the muscular system?
A
163
Q
  1. Describe some common injuries that can affect the muscles.
A
164
Q
  1. What are some age-related changes that occur in the muscular system?
A
165
Q
  1. How can you maintain muscle mass and strength as you age?
A
166
Q
  1. What are some dietary recommendations for maintaining a healthy muscular system?
A
167
Q
  1. What are some lifestyle factors that can negatively impact muscle health?
A
168
Q

Answers to Additional Questions:

A
169
Q

139

A
170
Q
  • Superior rectus: Elevates the eye, adducts the eye, rotates the eye medially
A
171
Q
  • Inferior rectus: Depresses the eye, adducts the eye, rotates the eye laterally
A
172
Q
  • Medial rectus: Adducts the eye
A
173
Q
  • Lateral rectus: Abducts the eye
A
174
Q
  1. The superior oblique muscle depresses the eye when adducted, abducts the eye, and rotates the eye medially. The inferior oblique muscle elevates the eye when adducted, abducts the eye, and rotates the eye laterally.
A
175
Q
  1. The trapezius muscle elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula, contributing to various shoulder movements.
A
176
Q
  1. The scalene muscles are located in the lateral neck, attaching to the cervical vertebrae and the first two ribs. They assist in respiration by elevating the ribs and also contribute to neck flexion and lateral flexion.
A
177
Q
  1. The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It flexes the neck, rotates the head to the opposite side, and laterally flexes the head to the same side.
A
178
Q
  1. The origin of a muscle is the attachment point that remains relatively fixed during contraction, while the insertion is the attachment point that moves toward the origin during contraction.
A
179
Q
  1. A synergist muscle assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing a particular movement, often by stabilizing a joint or modifying the direction of movement.
A
180
Q
  1. An antagonist muscle opposes the action of the prime mover, helping to control and refine movement.
A
181
Q
  1. Example of synergist muscles: Biceps brachii and brachialis during elbow flexion.
A
182
Q
  1. Example of antagonist muscles: Biceps brachii (flexor) and triceps brachii (extensor) at the elbow joint.
A
183
Q
  1. Muscle tone refers to the continuous, passive partial contraction of muscles, even at rest. It is essential for maintaining posture, stability, and readiness for action.
A
184
Q
  1. Isometric contractions involve muscle tension without a change in muscle length (e.g., holding a weight still). Isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening (concentric) or lengthening (eccentric) under tension (e.g., lifting and lowering a weight).
A
185
Q
  1. The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction as the sliding of actin filaments over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). This process is driven by the interaction of myosin heads with actin, powered by ATP.
A
186
Q
  1. ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction. It is required for the detachment of myosin heads from actin, allowing for repeated cycles of cross-bridge formation and filament sliding.
A
187
Q
  1. Muscle fatigue is the decline in muscle force or power output during sustained or repetitive activity. Causes include depletion of energy stores (ATP, glycogen), accumulation of metabolic byproducts (lactic acid), and impaired nerve impulse transmission.
A
188
Q
  1. Regular exercise benefits the muscular system by increasing muscle mass and strength, improving endurance, enhancing flexibility, and reducing the risk of injuries.
A
189
Q
  1. Common muscle injuries include strains (overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers), sprains (injuries to ligaments), contusions (bruises), and tendinitis (inflammation of tendons).
A
190
Q
  1. Age-related changes in the muscular system include a gradual loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased strength and power, reduced endurance, and increased risk of falls and injuries.
A
191
Q
  1. To maintain muscle mass and strength as you age, engage in regular strength training exercises, consume a balanced diet with adequate protein, and stay active.
A
192
Q
  1. Dietary recommendations for muscle health include consuming sufficient protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. Adequate protein intake is crucial for muscle building and repair.
A
193
Q
  1. Lifestyle factors that can negatively impact muscle health include sedentary behavior, inadequate sleep, chronic stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
A
194
Q

Image-Based Questions (Note: These require images not included in the source):

A
195
Q
  1. (Image of a dissected neck) Identify the structures labeled A, B, and C.
A
196
Q
  1. (Image of a facial muscle) What is the name of this muscle, and what action does it produce?
A
197
Q
  1. (Image of a microscopic view of muscle tissue) Identify the type of muscle tissue shown.
A
198
Q
  1. (Image of a person lifting weights) What type of muscle contraction is being performed?
A
199
Q
  1. (Image of a person stretching) What is the purpose of stretching, and what are its benefits for the muscular system?
A

A (8 decks)

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