Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMSK > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

-Explain the neurological control of movement and the basis of limb co-ordination -Identify the different gaits of locomotion and describe their characteristics -Give examples of species adaptation for locomotion

1
Q

Why should we analyse locomotion?
(5 points)

A
  • Evaluate what is normal/abnormal
  • Assess gait patterns
  • Identify gait adaptations (eg. lameness)
  • Performance indicators
  • Welfare indicator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What surface would allow you to asses muscles, and what surface would allow you to asses soft tissue?

A

Muscles: firm surface
Soft tissue: soft surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two ways in which a vet could asses locomotion?

A

Visual observation (most common)
Locomotion analysis equipment (high speed treadmills, video cameras force plates etc. - mainly used in research)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can vets asses when looking at locomotion?

A

Quality
Divergence from ‘norm’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the pros and cons of how vets asses locomotion?

A

Human observation:
- subjective, biased
- frame rate - could miss details
- convenient as no technical effort
- requires experience
- low cost

Technical Equipment:
- measurable
- objective, less bias
- requires dedicated equipment, space etc.
- higher cost
- is that much detail required?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are gaits?

A

The specific patterns of footfall during locomotion, this changes with speed. They often have characterised footfalls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a stride?

A

The complete cycle of movement from setting down a foot to the next time it is set down. This takes place within a gait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two phases of a stride?

A
  • Stance phase where the limb bares weight
  • Swing phase where the limb bears no weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the normal characteristics of the walking gait in 4 legged species?

A
  • Four beet
  • Symmetric
  • Sequence of footfall:
    RH-RF-LH-LF
  • Never >3 or ,2 limbs weight-bearing at any one-time
  • centre of gravity falls between triangle of weight bearing feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the normal characteristics of the trot gait in 4 legged species?

A
  • Two-beat
  • Biologically very ancient pattern seen in fish
  • Symmetric
  • Diagonal gait
  • Body supported alternately by left & right diagonal pairs
  • Period of suspension between successive stance phases
  • Marked axial twisting – resisted by design of axial system (acquired via evolution)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the normal characteristics of the canter gait in 4 legged species?

A
  • Three-beat
  • Asymmetric
  • Rocking horse motion:
    RH RF+LH LF
    OR (depending on lead)
    LH LF+RH RF
  • One moment of suspension: after single forelimb leaves the ground, prior to single hindlimb contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the normal characteristics of the gallop gait in 4 legged species?

A
  • Fast, four-beat
  • Asymmetric gait
  • Horses usually lead with their inside leg around a turn (called the lead leg)
  • Moment of suspension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What animals have two moments of suspension during one gallop cycle?

A

Greyhounds and Cheetahs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three types of gallop?

A
  • Transverse (1 moment of suspension)
  • Rotary (2 moments of suspension - RH LH LF RF)
  • Counter-rotary (anticlockwise footfalls - LH RH RF LF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What animals use the transverse gallop?

A

Dogs at low speed
Horses (odd-toed ungulates)
Cattle (large even-toed ungulates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What animals use the rotary gallop?

A

All cats
Dogs at high speed
Gazelle, antelope (small even-toed ungulates)
Running rodents
(For horses this is disunited canter)

17
Q

What animals use counter-rotary?

A

Greyhounds on the track as they race anti-clockwise

18
Q

What functions in a horses body allows an increase in stride length?

A
  • Elongation of the distal limb
    -Mobile scapula….
    …. allows the length of the limb to increase
    …. ‘whiplash effect’ a small motion in the upper limb causes a flick of the lower limb
19
Q

What functional adaptation in a horse minimises the mass of the limb?

A
  • most work during locomotion in in the speed that the limb moves at
  • muscles positioned proximally (near pivot-point)
  • reduced number of bones in limb
    All these adaptations results in the lower limb being less likely to resits any changes in motion
20
Q

Why do horses have relatively rigid spines/sacroiliac junctions and transfers energy from their powerful hind]d quarters?

A

it minimises the up-and-down movements of their bodies during locomotion which conserves energy and allows them to have large guts and a large body mass

21
Q

How does a canines flexible back help with high speed locomotion?

A

It allows an increase un stride by flexing and straightening over a wide range

22
Q

How does a canines tail help with high speed locomotion?

A

Assists with balance when it is out-of-balance

23
Q

How does a canine elongation it limbs help with high speed locomotion?

A

Keeps its mass more proximal (centred)

24
Q

What species are the following:
Digitigrade
Plantigrade
Unguligrade

A

Canine (walking on toes)
Humans (walking on soles of feet)
Horses (walking on hooves)

25
Q

How does dogs walking on digitigrade benefit them?

A

Claws assist with grip and help with prey catching

26
Q

What are the two main clinical consequences that horses struggle with due to speed adaptations?

A

-Fractures
-Tendon strains
- Little soft tissue covering distal limb resulting in poor wound/fracture healing
- Little soft tissue to absorb impact loads resulting in joint issues and osteoarthritis

27
Q

What are the 3 main reasons in a change in gait?

A
  • Physical necessity (limb flies off the ground)
  • Metabolic Advantage
  • Mechanical advantages
28
Q

What are the causes of the physical necessity to change gait?

A

The pendulum effect (limb like an inverted pendulum)
Centrifugal force acting upwards
Froude number = ratio of inertial force: gravitational force (>1 = suspension phase)

29
Q

What is inertial force?

A

Its Newtons First Law
Objects with no outside forces acting on them continue to move at the same velocity

And then Insertia
The tendency for an object to resit any changes in their motion

30
Q

What is gravitational force?

A

Force of attraction between all masses in the universe, especially the earths mass and bodies near it’s surface

31
Q

Why can a change in gait have metabolic advantages?

A

Each gait has an optimal speed where energy cost is minimal
(a study measured the amount of oxygen consumed at different gaits on a treadmill)
Respiratory Pattern
(Locomotion and respiratory coupling)

32
Q

What is the mechanical advantage that comes with a change in gait?

A

Reduced bone strain

33
Q

What is the walking to running Froude number for quadrupedal mammals and humans?

A

Close to 0.5

NMSK (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions