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tox 310 > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are atoms?

A

-composed of a nucleus with radius 10^-14m and a surrounding cloud of electrons travelling in orbits of 10^-10m
-the nucleus is composed of nucleons: protons and neutrons

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2
Q

what is atomic structure?

A
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3
Q

what are isotopes?

A

-same number of protons but different number of neutrons
(both hydrogen)

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4
Q

what are isotones?

A

-same number of neutrons but different number of protons
(different elements)

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5
Q

what are isobars?

A

-same number of nucleons but different number of protons
(different elements)

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6
Q

what are isomers?

A

-the same number of protons and neutrons (differ in nuclear energy state)
(same element, with an m)
-m=metastable, meaning the nucleus is in an excited state

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7
Q

what is a proton?

A

1 1 H
-charge is +1
-the nucleus of a hydrogen atom
-mass is 1.007277 amu

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8
Q

what is a neutron?

A

-charge is zero
-mass is 1.008665 amu

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9
Q

what is an electron?

A

-also known as a beta particle or ray, or a beta minus particle or ray
-charge is -1
-mass is 0.000548 amu

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10
Q

what is a positron?

A

-also known as a beta plus particle or ray
-identical to an electron but with a positive charge
-charge is +1
-mass is 0.000548 amu
-exist only when in motion (when they slow or stop moving they combine with an electron and annihilate)

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11
Q

what is a photon?

A

-not technically a particle, but behaves as a particles at higher energies
-charge is 0
-mass is 0
-a bundle of energy travelling at the speed of light

-photons include x-rays and gamma rays

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12
Q

what is the only difference between x-rays and gamma rays?

A

their mode of origin (both photons)
-X-rays: arise from transitions of electrons between shells of an atom or from interaction between electrons and nuclei
-gamma rays: ejected from a nucleus

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13
Q

what are alpha particles?

A

-charge is +2
-the nucleus of a helium atom (2 protons and 2 neutrons)
-mass is 4.001506 amu

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14
Q

what is the summary of subatomic particles?

A
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15
Q

what is the definition of radiation?

A

-any combination of subatomic particles with sufficient kinetic energy to interact with, and transfer energy to, objects that intersect their path
-radiation can be ejects by radioactive nuclides or be generated by machines

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16
Q

what is the difference between excitation and ionization?

A

-excitation involves the displacing of an orbital electron from its ground state
-ionization involves the removal of an orbital electron from a neutral atom

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17
Q

what is nonionizing radiation?

A

transfers energy (excitation, heat) but does not ionize the material

18
Q

what is ionizing radiation?

A

-has sufficient energy to ejects one or more orbital electrons from an atom or molecule
-has potential for important biological effects (cell killing, DNA mutation)

19
Q

what is directly ionizing radiation?

A

-causes ionization immediately and continuously as it passes through material (charged particles: electrons, alpha particles, protons)

20
Q

what is indirectly ionizing radiation?

A

-only causes ionization after some type of interaction with the material (particles with no charge: photons, neutrons)

21
Q

what is the different between particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation?

A

-particulate: atomic or subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutron, alpha particles)
-electromagnetic: photons (x-rays and gamma rays)

22
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

-photons are described by frequency (number of waves per second). wavelength (distance between waves) or energy
-longer wavelength photons (radiowaves, microwaves) are described by their wave properties (wavelength, frequency)
-shorter wavelength photons (xrays and gamma rays) are described by their energy (E=hv)
-gamma rays, x rays and some ultraviolet rays are ionizing radiation

23
Q

what are the basic units?

A
24
Q

what are the derived units?

A
25
Q

what are electrical units?

A
26
Q

what are radiation units summary?

A
27
Q

what are radiation units?

A
28
Q

what are unit prefixes?

A
29
Q

what are valence electrons? (atomic energy levels)

A

-electrons travel around the nucleus in orbits or shells: K, L, M, N
-the maximum number of electrons in a given shell=2n^2, where n=shell number
-valence electrons (outermost orbit) are responsible for chemical reactions and bonds between atoms

30
Q

what are atomic energy levels?

A

-the shells can be considered as energy levels, where the energy depends on the coulomb (electrostatic) force of attraction between the nucleus (+) and the orbital electron (-) (the electron binding energy)
-the binding energy is defined as the energy needed to remove an electron from its shell
-electrons in shells closer to the nucleus will have a higher binding energy
-electron binding energies are on the order of keV (thousands of electron volts)

31
Q

what are nuclear energy levels?

A

-while atomic structure is based on electrostatic force (the attraction between negative electrons and positive protons), nuclear structure is based on strong nuclear force
-the nucleon binding energy is the energy required to separate nucleons (protons and neutrons) from the nucleus
-nucleon binding energy is on the order of MeV (millions of electron volts)

32
Q

what is the inverse square law?

A

-time, distance and shielding are 3 concepts in radiation protection
-distance is very important because radiation exposure is inversely proportional to the square of distance (inverse square law)
-exposure 1/(distance)^2
-when comparing exposures at two distances, the formula E2=E1x(d1/d2)^2
-where E1=exposure t distance d1 and E2=exposure at distance d2

33
Q

what is exponential behavior?

A

-the rate of change of a function is proportional to the function
-if a quantity changes by a certain factor in a given interval of time, then there will be exponential behavior if in any other equal interval of time it changes by the same factor

34
Q

what is exponential decay?

A
35
Q

what is exponential attenuation?

A
36
Q

what are radiation sources?

A

-gamma rays, electrons, positrons and alpha particles can be ejected from nuclei during decay of radioactive nuclides
-radioactive nuclides occur spontaneously or are produced artificially in machines such as a cyclotron

37
Q

what are examples of radiation sources?

A

-x-rays, electrons and gamma rays can be generated by machines
-diagnostic x-ray tubes (x-rays)
-linear accelerators (electrons, x-rays)
-cobalt 60 therapy units (gamma rays)

38
Q

what is diagnostic imaging? (radiation uses)

A

-radiography (x-rays)
-computed tomography (x-rays)
-positron emission tomography (positrons)
-nuclear medicine imaging

39
Q

what is therapy? (radiation uses)

A

-linear accelerator (electrons, x-rays)
-cobalt 60 therapy machine (gamma rays)
-strontium 90 applicators (electrons)
-brachytherapy
-nuclear medicine

40
Q

what is radiation biology and protection?

A

-when radiation interacts with living biological systems, there is a risk of harmful effects
-when radiation is used for patients or by workers, steps are needed to minimize the risk
-exposure of patients for diagnostic imaging and therapy (benefit to individual outweighs risk of harm)
-occupational exposure (benefit to society outweighs risk of harm to workers)

tox 310 (5 decks)

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