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R-ANAPH > MOD 1 > Flashcards

MOD 1 Flashcards

1
Q

combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an
organism.

A

Molecules

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2
Q

are the smallest living units in the human body.

A

cells

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3
Q

are groups of cells -
perform a particular function

A

Tissues

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4
Q
  • Fluid-mosaic lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids) studded w/
    proteins; surrounds cytoplasm.
A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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5
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE FX

A

o Protects
o contact w other cells
o Contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identity markers, and
linker proteins
o Mediates entry and exit of subs

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6
Q

CYTOPLASM

A

Consists all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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7
Q

two components OF CYTOPLASM:

A

CYTOSOL (INTRACELLULAR FLUID) = 55% of total cell volume ; cell metabolic rxn occur

ORGANELLES = little organs; surrounded by cytosol

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8
Q

CYTOSKELETON

A

Network of 3 types of protein filaments: microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules

  • Maintain shape & gen cell orgz ; resp for cell movements.
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9
Q

CELL PARTS

A

PLASMA MEMB
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS

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10
Q

CENTROSOME

A

pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar material

  • pericentriolar material (tubulins =
    growth of mitotic spindle and microtubule formation)
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11
Q

cell mobility w 20 microtubules
and a basal body.

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

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12
Q

CILIA VS FLAGELLA

A

Cilia = move fluids over a cell’s surface;

flagella = move entire
cell.

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13
Q

Responsible for protein synthesis

RNA & PROTEINS

A

RIBOSOME

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14
Q

Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

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15
Q

Covered by ribosomes

attached to: nuclear
envelope

o Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids

(transferred to cell orgs, inserted into the
plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis.)

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids;

inactivates/ detox drugs;

removes the phosphate group from
glucose-6-phosphate;

stores and releases calcium
ions in muscle cells

A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

3–20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae;

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

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18
Q

PARTS OF GOLGI C

A

Entry (cis) face = accepts proteins from rough ER;

medial cisternae = form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins;

exit (trans) face = modifies mols further, then sorts and
packages them for transport to their destinations

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19
Q
  • formed from Golgi complex; contains digestive
    enzymes.
  • Fuses & digests endosomes contents , pinocytic
    vesicles, and phagosomes

transports final products of
digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles
(autophagy), entire cells (autolysis), and extracellular materials.

A

LYSOSOME

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20
Q
  • Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase
    (decomposes hydrogen peroxide);
  • Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids;

detox harmful
substances (alcohol)

produces hydrogen peroxide.

A

PEROXISOME

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21
Q
  • Tiny barrel-shaped structure

contains: proteases
(proteolytic enzymes)

  • Degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
    (by cutting into small peptides.)
A

PROTEASOME

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22
Q
  • “Powerhouse of the cell”
  • Consists : outer and an inner mitochondrial membrane
    cristae, and matrix;
  • Site of aerobic cellular respiration rxn (produce most ATP)
A

MITOCHONDRION

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23
Q
  • houses cell’s DNA
A

NUCLEUS

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24
Q

hereditary units - control
most aspects of cellular structure and function

A

genes

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25
Q

2 TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

A

somatic cell division = BODY ; TISSUE GROWTH (DEAD CELLS)

reproductive cell division = produce : GERM CELL / GAMETE ; MEIOSIS (chromosome# reducedbyhalf)

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26
Q

mitos

A

=thread

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27
Q

BODY CELL NUCLEAR DIVISION

A

mitosis

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28
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

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29
Q

RESULT OF soma div

A

2 DIPLOID
23 pairs
46 chromosomes

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30
Q

Period
between cell
divisions;

chromosomes
not visible
under light
microscope

A

Interphase

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31
Q

Parent cell
produces
identical cells
with identical
chromosomes;

chromosomes
visible under
light
microscope.

A

Mitotic

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32
Q

SOMATIC DIV CYCLE

A

I. INTERPHASE
- G1
- S
- S2

II. MITOTIC PHASE
- MITOSIS - PMAT
- CYTOKINESIS

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33
Q

GERM DIV CYCLE

A

MEIOSIS I - P1M1A1T1
MEIOSIS II - P2M2A2T2

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34
Q

RESULT OF GERM CELL DIV

A

4 HAPLOID (23 CHROMOSOME EACH)

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35
Q

Cells that remain in the G1 phase for
a very long time, and possibly never
divide again

A

G0 phase

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36
Q
  • Metabolically active cell duplicates
    organelles and cytosolic components
  • Replication of chromosomes begins.
A

G1 phase

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37
Q
  • Replication of DNA and centrosomes.
A

S phase

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38
Q
  • Cell growth, enzyme and protein
    synthesis continue
  • Replication of centrosomes complete.
A

G2 phase

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39
Q
  • Nuclear
    division;

distribution of
two sets of
chromosomes
into separate
nuclei.

A

Mitosis

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40
Q

Chromatin fibers condense into paired
chromatids;

nucleolus and nuclear
envelope disappear;

each centrosome
moves to an opposite pole of the cell.

A

Prophase

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41
Q
  • Centromeres of chromatid pairs line
    up at metaphase plate.
A

Metaphase

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42
Q
  • Centromeres split
  • Identical sets of chromosomes move
    to opposite poles of cell.
A

Anaphase

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43
Q
  • Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli
    reappear;

chromosomes resume
chromatin form;

mitotic spindle
disappears.

A

Telophase

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44
Q

Cytoplasmic division;

contractile ring
forms cleavage furrow around center
of cell, dividing cytoplasm into
separate and equal portions.

A

Cytokinesis

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45
Q

mei-
-osis

A

= lessening
= condition of

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46
Q

two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous
chromosomes pair off,

A

synapsis;

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47
Q

resulting 4 chromatids form a structure called

A

tetrad

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48
Q

exchange bn (genetically different) chromatids

A

crossing-over

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49
Q
  • Covers body surfaces and lines hollow
    organs, body cavities, and ducts.
  • forms glands.
  • never covered by another tissue= free surface

has its own nerve supply, -but is avascular

A

epithelium

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50
Q

Exchange of substances
between epithelium and connective tissue
occurs by

A

diffusion

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51
Q

(EPITHELIUM) blood vessels that bring in nutrients & remove wastes are located in the

A

adjacent connective tissue

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52
Q

2 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

Covering and lining epithelium

Glandular epithelium

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53
Q

OUTER COVERING: SKIN
INNER COVERING: BVS, ducts, body cavities, interior of the respiratory,
digestive, urinary, reproductive systems.

A

Covering and lining epithelium

54
Q

the secreting portion of glands

such as :

thyroid gland,
adrenal glands,
sweat glands.

A

Glandular epithelium

55
Q

Arrangement of cells in layers

A

Simple epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium

56
Q

Cell shapes

A

Squamous cells
Cuboidal cells
Columnar cells
Transitional cells

57
Q

Single layer of cells

FX: diffusion, osmosis, filtration,
secretion, or absorption

A

Simple epithelium

58
Q

Pseudo=

A

false

59
Q

multiple layers of cells- nuclei
lie at diff levels

not all cells reach the apical surface

all its cells rest on the basement membrane.

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

60
Q

Stratum=

A

layer

61
Q

two or more layers of cells

protect underlying
tissues in loc (wear and tear)

A

Stratified epithelium

62
Q

Arranged like floor tiles

thin -rapid passage of subs

A

Squamous cells

63
Q

tall, wide , cubes or hexagons.

  • have microvilli at apical surface

FX: secretion /absorption.

A

Cuboidal cells

64
Q

taller > wide, protect underlying tissues.

apical surfaces = cilia or microvilli

specialized for secretion and absorption

A

Columnar cells

65
Q

Change shape

A

Transitional cells

66
Q

Lines: heart, bvs, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, (Bowman’s) capsule of
kidneys, (eardrum);

Forms: epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum,
pericardium, and pleura.)

FX: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion

A

SIMPLE
SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM

67
Q

Covers: surface of ovary, lines ant surface of capsule of the lens of the
eye,

Forms : pigmented post surface of eye, lines kidney tubules,
smaller ducts of glands (pancreas),
secreting portion of some
glands (thyroid gland)

FX: - Secretion and absorption.

A

SIMPLE
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM

68
Q
  • Lines GIT, ducts of many
    glands, and gallbladder
  • Secretion and
    absorption.
A

NONCILIATED
SIMPLE
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM

69
Q
  • Lines some bronchioles, (fallopian)
    tubes, uterus, efferent ducts
    of the testes, some
    paranasal sinuses, central
    canal of spinal cord, and
    ventricles of the brain.
  • Moves mucus and other subs by
    ciliary action.
A

CILIATED
SIMPLE
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM

70
Q
  • Keratinized variety forms
    superficial layer of skin;

nonkeratinized variety: lines
wet surfaces, ( lining
of the mouth, esophagus, part
of larynx, part of pharynx,vagina,

Covers the tongue

  • Protection.
A

PSEUDOSTR-ATIFIED
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM

71
Q

Ducts of adult sweat glands
and esophageal glands and
part of male urethra.

  • Protection and
    limited secretion
    and absorption.
A

STRATIFIED
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM

72
Q

Lines : part of urethra, excretory ducts of some glands,(esophageal
glands) , small areas in anal
mucous membrane, and
conjunctiva of the eye.

  • Protection and
    secretion.
A

STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM

73
Q

SQUAMOUS TO CUBOIDAL

Lines urinary bladder and
portions of ureters and
urethra

  • Permits
    distension.
A

TRANSITIONAL
EPITHELIUM

74
Q
  • Secretory products
    (hormones) diffuse into
    blood after passing
    thru interstitial fluid
  • Ex: pituitary
    gland, pineal gland, thyroid
    and parathyroid glands, adrenal
    glands, pancreas ,ovaries, testes, and
    thymus.
  • Produce hormones that regulate various
    body activities.
A

ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

75
Q
  • Secretory products released - ducts.
  • Sweat, oil, and earwax
    glands of the skin;

digestive glands such as
salivary glands, secrete -
mouth cavity,
and pancreas,- SI

  • Produce subs such as sweat, oil,
    earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.
A

EXOCRINE
GLANDS

76
Q

TYPES OF TISSUES

A

EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

77
Q

Protects and supports the body and its organs.

fx: bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

78
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE T.

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CT
CARTILAGE CT
BONE T
LIQUID CT

79
Q
  • Consists of fibers (collagen,
    elastic, and reticular) and
    sev cells (fibroblasts, macrophages,
    plasma cells, adipocytes,
    and mast cells) embedded
    in a semifluid ground
    substance.
  • Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; papillary (superficial) region of
    dermis of skin; lamina propria of mucous
    membranes; and around bvs, nerves, and body organs.
  • Strength, elasticity, and support.
A

AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

80
Q

Consists :adipocytes,
cells store triglycerides (fats) as a large
centrally located droplet;
nucleus and cytoplasm are
peripherally located.

  • Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around
    heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints
    and behind eyeball in eye socket.
  • Reduces heat loss
    THRU skin, energy reserve, supports, and protects.

-newborns: brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat =maintain
proper body temperature.

A

ADIPOSE
TISSUE

81
Q
  • A network of interlacing
    reticular fibers and reticular
    cells
  • Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow;
    reticular lamina ;
    and around blood
    vessels and muscles.
  • Forms: stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells;

filters and removes: worn-out blood
cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

A

RETICULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

82
Q
  • Extracellular matrix looks
    shiny white; consists of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles;
    fibroblasts present in rows
    between bundles
  • Forms tendons (attach
    muscle to bone), most
    ligaments (attach bone
    to bone), and
    aponeuroses (sheet-like
    tendons that attach muscle to muscle or
    muscle to bone)
  • Provides strong attachment bn structures.
A

DENSE
REGULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

83
Q
  • Consists : collagen fiber and a few
    fibroblasts
  • Fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin,
    periosteum of bone, perichondrium of
    cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs
    (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes),
    pericardium of the heart, and heart valves.
  • Provides strength.
A

DENSE
IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

84
Q
  • Consists: freely branching elastic
    fibers; fibroblasts are present
    in spaces between fibers.
  • Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and some ligaments bn vertebrae
  • Allows stretching of various organs
A

ELASTIC
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

85
Q
  • Consists: bluish-white,
    shiny ground substance w/
    thin, fine collagen fibers and
    many chondrocytes; most
    abundant type of cartilage.
  • Ends of long bones, ant ends of ribs,
    nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi,
    bronchial tubes, and embryonic and
    fetal skeleton.
  • Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility and support.
A

HYALINE
CARTILAGE

86
Q
  • Consists of chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers
    within the extracellular matrix.
  • Pubic symphysis (point
    where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between
    vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee,
    and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.
  • Support and fusion.
A

FIBROCARTILAGE

87
Q
  • Consists of chondrocytes loc in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix.
  • Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis),
    (auricle), and auditory
    (eustachian) tubes
  • Gives support and
    maintains shape
A

ELASTIC
CARTILAGE

88
Q

consists: osteons (haversian systems) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canals.

By contrast, spongy bone tissue consists of thin columns called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow

  • Support, protection, storage;

houses blood- forming tissue;

serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.

A

COMPACT
BONE

89
Q
  • Consists: blood plasma
    and formed elements: RBC (erythrocytes),
    WBC (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
  • Within blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and within the chambers of the heart
  • RBC - transport oxygen and CO2;

WBC- phagocytosis and allergic rxn and immune system responses;

platelets- essential clotting of blood.

A

BLOOD

90
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

91
Q

Consists of elongated cells

FX: protect; produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat.

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

92
Q
  • Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many
    peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control.
  • Usually attached to bones by tendons.
  • Motion, posture, heat production, and
    protection.
A

SKELETAL
MUSCLE
TISSUE

93
Q
  • Branched striated fibers w one or two centrally located nuclei; contains
    intercalated discs;

involuntary control

  • Pumps blood to body.
A

CARDIAC
MUSCLE
TISSUE

94
Q
  • Spindle-shaped (thickest in middle and tapering at both ends), nonstriated fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control.
  • Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways
    to the lungs, stomach, intestines, GB , UB, and uterus.
  • Motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through GIT, contraction of UB and GB).
A

SMOOTH
MUSCLE
TISSUE

95
Q

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds
by generating action potentials (nerve impulses)

that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

96
Q
  • Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia.

Neurons consist of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and a single axon).

Neuroglia do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting
functions.

  • Exhibits sensitivity to various
    types of stimuli, converts
    stimuli - nerve impulses
    (action potentials)- to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.
A

NERVOUS TISSUE

97
Q

bridge of the nose

midline bony depression bn eyes (frontal and two
nasal bones meet)

A

NASION

98
Q

Smooth midline bony prominence between the supraciliary arches of the
frontal bone,

representing the most anterior part of the forehead when
standing erect and looking straight ahead.

more pronounced in males.

A

Glabella

99
Q

Where the eyelids meet near the nose

A

Inner Canthus

100
Q

Lateral junction of the eyelids

A

Outer Canthus

101
Q

Midline point at the junction of the upper lip and the nasal septum; point
where the nose and the upper lip meet

A

Acanthion

102
Q

Angle of the mandible

A

Gonion

103
Q

A triangular area projecting forward at the center of the chin
(mentum).

A

Mental point

104
Q

opening of the external ear canal

A

EAM

105
Q

Superior attachment of the auricle

A

TEA

106
Q

Rise or bump along the midline of the lower back of the head near the junction of
the head and neck

A

Inion/External occipital protuberance

107
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Inion

108
Q

Top portion of the head

A

Vertex

109
Q

C1

A

Mastoid tip

110
Q

C2 C3

A

Gonion (angle of mandible)

111
Q

C3 C4

A

Hyoid bone

112
Q

C5

A

Thyroid cartilage

113
Q

C7, T1

A

Vertebra prominens

114
Q

T1

A

Approx 2 ‘’ above the level of jugular notch

115
Q

T2 T3

A

Level of jugular notch

116
Q

T4 T5

A

Level of sternal angle

117
Q

T9 T10

A

Level of xiphoid process

118
Q

T7

A

Level of inferior angles of scapulae

119
Q

L2 L3

A

Inferior costal margin

120
Q

L4 L5

A

Level of most superior aspect of iliac crests

121
Q

S1 S2

A

Level of anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)

122
Q

Coccyx

A

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

123
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS OF
THE UPPER LIMBS

A
  • Acromion process
  • Greater tubercle of the humerus
  • Medial end of clavicle
  • Coracoid process
  • Inferior angle of the scapula
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Medial epicondyle
  • Olecranon process of ulna
  • Radial styloid process
  • Ulnar styloid process
124
Q

PALPATE : ILIAC CREST

A
  • Because of the heavy muscle immediately above the iliac crest, care
    must be exercised in locating this structure to avoid centering errors.
    It is advisable to have the patient inhale deeply; while the muscles are
    relaxed during expiration, the radiographer should palpate for the
    highest point of the iliac crest.
125
Q
  • At the end of the iliac crest anteriorly there is a bony prominence

which suddenly dips away distally

A

ASIS

126
Q

PALPATE : Pubic symphysis

A

can be palpated on the MSP and
on the same horizontal plane as the greater trochanters.

By placing fingertips at this location and performing a brief downward
palpation with the hand fiat, palm down, and fingers together, the
radiographer can locate the superior margin of the pubic symphysis.

(To avoid possible embarrassment or misunderstanding, the radiographer should advise the patient in advance that palpations are part of normal procedure

127
Q

PALPATE : Greater trochanter of femur

A
  • Can be palpated immediately below the depression in the soft tissues
    of the lateral surface of the hip,

is in the same horizontal plane as the
midpoint of the hip joint and the coccyx.

The most prominent point oF the greater trochanter is in the same horizontal plane as the pubic symphysis.

most prominent laterally and more easily palpated when the lower leg is medially rotated

128
Q

PALPATE :Ischial tuberosity

A
  • Palpate at the base of the buttocks.

the curved bone that makes up the bottom of your pelvis.

The gluteus maximus covers the ischial tuberosity when standing. For this reason, the ischial tuberosity is

also known as the sitting bone

129
Q

PALPATE : Tip of coccyx

A
  • Palpate at the very tip of the lower spine
130
Q

SIZE OF
HEAD
NECK
G. TROCHANTER

A

1.5’’
2.5’’
2 ‘’’

130
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS OF THE LOWER LIMBS

A
  • Greater trochanter
  • Medial and Lateral femoral condyles
  • Medial and Lateral femoral epicondyles
  • Patella
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Medial Malleolus
  • Lateral Malleolus
  • Calcaneus
  • Metatarsals
131
Q
A

R-ANAPH (3 decks)

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