MOCK MC EXAM VIROLOGY Flashcards
During which stage of the viral replication cycle does the virus integrate its genetic material into the host cell’s genome?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Synthesis
d) Integration
d) Integration
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of viruses?
a) Cellular structure
b) Presence of a nucleus
c) Ability to carry out metabolic processes
d) Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
d) Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
Which virus is responsible for causing the common cold?
a) Influenza virus
b) Rhinovirus
c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
d) Herpes simplex virus
b) Rhinovirus
The development of vaccines against viruses is primarily aimed at:
a) Inhibiting viral entry into host cells
b) Enhancing host cell metabolism
c) Stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight the virus
d) Disrupting viral protein synthesis
c) Stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight the virus
Which of the following is a nucleoside analog commonly used as an antiviral medication?
a) Penicillin
b) Acyclovir
c) Streptomycin
d) Tetracycline
b) Acyclovir
Zoonotic viruses are those that:
a) Only infect plants
b) Jump from animals to humans
c) Are transmitted through water
d) Target specific age groups
b) Jump from animals to humans
The genome of a virus can be composed of:
a) DNA only
b) RNA only
c) Both DNA and RNA
d) Proteins
c) Both DNA and RNA
Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for respiratory viruses?
a) Ingestion of contaminated food
b) Sexual contact
c) Airborne droplets
d) Blood transfusion
c) Airborne droplets
Retroviruses are unique because they:
a) Replicate their RNA genome directly
b) Use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA
c) Infect bacteria
d) Lack a protein coat
b) Use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA
What term is used to describe the ability of viruses to change their genetic makeup over time?
a) Reproduction
b) Evolution
c) Mutation
d) Recombination
c) Mutation
What is the name of the process by which a host cell is induced to produce and release new virions?
a) Lysis
b) Transcription
c) Replication
d) Assembly
d) Assembly
How do enveloped viruses typically exit the host cell?
a) Cell lysis
b) Exocytosis
c) Budding
d) Pinocytosis
c) Budding
Which type of viral genome is directly ready for translation upon entering the host cell?
a) Double-stranded RNA
b) Single-stranded DNA
c) Double-stranded DNA
d) Positive-sense RNA
d) Positive-sense RNA
What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) from the viral RNA genome in retroviruses?
a) RNA polymerase
b) DNA polymerase
c) Reverse transcriptase
d) Helicase
c) Reverse transcriptase
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both DNA and RNA viruses during the replication process?
A) Reverse transcription
B) Replication within the host cell nucleus
C) Utilization of RNA polymerase exclusively
D) Replication in the cytoplasm
D) Replication in the cytoplasm
How do enveloped viruses acquire their envelope during the viral replication process?
A) Budding through the host cell membrane
B) Direct injection of viral genetic material
C) Lysis of the host cell
D) Fusion of viral and host cell membranes
A) Budding through the host cell membrane
What is the term for the process by which a virus acquires new genetic material from its host or another virus?
a) Transcription
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Translation
c) Transduction
How do inactivated vaccines typically confer immunity?
a) By providing a small, harmless dose of live virus
b) By introducing a weakened, but still live, form of the virus
c) By exposing the immune system to viral proteins or particles
d) By directly stimulating the production of antibodies
c) By exposing the immune system to viral proteins or particles
Which of the following statements about viruses is correct?
A) Viruses are considered living organisms because they can reproduce independently.
B) The viral genome is always composed of DNA, never RNA.
C) Enveloped viruses always have a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane.
D) Retroviruses replicate their RNA genome through a process known as reverse transcription.
C) Enveloped viruses always have a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane.
During the assembly and release stage of the viral life cycle:
A) Viral mRNA is translated into viral proteins in the host cell cytoplasm.
B) Naked viruses are released by lysis of the host cell.
C) The viral genome is replicated using host cell DNA polymerase.
D) Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope in the nucleus.
D) Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope in the nucleus.
Which of the following antiviral drugs targets the viral enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis?
A) Acyclovir
B) Zanamivir
C) Ribavirin
D) Nevirapine
C) Ribavirin
How do viruses evade the host immune system?
A) By increasing host cell apoptosis
B) By hiding in the host cell nucleus
C) By frequent mutation of their surface proteins
D) By promoting an exaggerated immune response
C) By frequent mutation of their surface proteins
Which of the following is a common mechanism for enveloped viruses to enter host cells?
A. Endocytosis
B. Direct penetration of the cell membrane
C. Fusion with the host cell membrane
D. Both A and B
C. Fusion with the host cell membrane
Explain the significance of viral reassortment in the emergence of novel influenza strains.
Viral reassortment, or antigenic shift, occurs when different influenza viruses exchange genetic material. This can lead to the emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, as seen in historical influenza outbreaks.
Explain the concept of bacterial quorum sensing and its implications in microbial communities
Quorum sensing is a cell communication system used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression in response to population density. It influences behaviors such as biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic resistance
