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Biology - Mitosis > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is how the body makes new cells.

DEFINITION: The division of a PARENT CELL to form 2 GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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2
Q

What is the first importance of mitosis?

A

GROWTH - new cells are produced for growth

Example sentence: During puberty, mitosis is responsible for the rapid growth of bones and muscles.

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3
Q

What is the second importance of mitosis?

A

Cell REPLACEMENT (new skin, cells in digestive system and body cells being replaced all the time)

Example sentence: The lining of the intestines is constantly being replenished through mitosis.

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4
Q

What is the third importance of mitosis?

A

REPAIR of damaged cells (injuries are repaired by mitosis or even star fish that can grow a new arm!)

No additional information provided.

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5
Q

What is the fourth importance of mitosis?

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION in unicellular and multicellular organisms (produces genetically identical offspring)

No additional information provided.

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6
Q

What is the fifth importance of mitosis?

A

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION in plants. If you break off a little piece of a plant and it grows into a new plant.

No additional information provided.

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7
Q

What is the sixth importance of mitosis?

A

Allows genetic information to pass from parent cells to daughter cells

No additional information provided.

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8
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in mitosis?

A

DNA is found in the Nucleus of the cell in the form of CHROMATIN NETWORK. Chromatin network must be tightly packaged and condensed as CHROMOSOMES before Mitosis occurs. DNA is copied before mitosis to ensures that each new cell gets an identical copy of the DNA and the chromosome numbers are MAINTAINED.

Example: During mitosis, the nucleus plays a crucial role in ensuring genetic material is accurately replicated and distributed to daughter cells.

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9
Q

What are Daughter Cells?

A

Daughter Cells are the new cells produced as a result of cell division. They inherit genetic material from the Parent Cell.

Example: In mitosis, a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell?

A

DNA is found in the Nucleus of the cell in the form of CHROMATIN NETWORK.

Additional Information: The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell, housing genetic material that contains instructions for cell functions.

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11
Q

What is the form of DNA in the nucleus before Mitosis occurs?

A

CHROMATIN NETWORK

The DNA in the form of chromatin network in the nucleus must be tightly packaged and condensed as chromosomes before Mitosis occurs.

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12
Q

What must the DNA be packaged and condensed into before Mitosis occurs?

A

CHROMOSOMES

The DNA in the form of chromatin network in the nucleus must be tightly packaged and condensed as chromosomes before Mitosis occurs.

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13
Q

How does the chromatin network transform to form chromosomes?

A

Very tightly wound and twisted

The chromatin network becomes very tightly wound and twisted to form chromosomes.

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14
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are long, tightly packed coils of DNA

  • sister chromatids
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15
Q

What does each chromosome consist of?

A

Each Chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids connected in the centre by the centromere

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16
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a chromosome

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17
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Centromere is the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined

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18
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes, but this is not the case for all species

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19
Q

What is replicated before mitosis?

A

DNA

DNA is replicated before mitosis so that each daughter cell can get an identical copy

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20
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

What is the region where sister chromatids are joined together?

A

Centromere

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22
Q

What is the process of making an identical copy of DNA?

A

Replication

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23
Q

What does each chromosome consist of before replication?

A

ONE chromatid

24
Q

What are the two identical copies of a chromosome formed after replication?

A

Sister chromatids

After replication each chromosome consists of TWO sister chromatids

25
Q

What are chromosomes in body cells always found in?

A

Pairs

Chromosomes in body cells (somatic cells) are always found in PAIRS.

26
Q

What do we call each pair of chromosomes that contain DNA for the same characteristics?

A

Homologous chromosomes

We call each pair HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES because they contain DNA for the same body characteristics.

27
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

Cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome

DIPLOID - cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome

28
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

Cell that has only 1 copy of each chromosome

HAPLOID - cell that has only 1 copy of each chromosome

29
Q

What does haploid (n) mean?

A

One copy of each chromosome

30
Q

What does diploid (2n) mean?

A

Two copies of each chromosome

31
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Cell with 2 copies of each chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in all our somatic/body cells (Di = 2).

Example sentence: Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

32
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Cell with only 1 copy of each chromosome (half of the diploid amount). Humans produce gametes (sperm and ovum) with 23 chromosomes (Haploid = sounds like half).

Example sentence: Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as diploid cells.

33
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Type of cell division which occurs in ALL of our body cells (somatic cells) except specific cells in our ovaries and testes which produce sperm and ova.

Produces genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

34
Q

What type of cells does mitosis occur in?

A

All of our body cells (somatic cells) except specific cells in our ovaries and testes which produce sperm and ova.

Produces genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

35
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Type of cell division which occurs ONLY in specialized reproductive cells (in humans this is the ovaries and testes). Produces gametes.

Produces daughter cells with only half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell which are genetically NON-IDENTICAL.

36
Q

What type of cells does meiosis occur in?

A

Specialized reproductive cells (in humans this is the ovaries and testes).

Produces daughter cells with only half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell which are genetically NON-IDENTICAL.

37
Q
  1. The Cell cycle has 3 main parts:
A

Interphase (growth and dna replication)
mitosis (division of nucleus)
cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

38
Q
  1. Interphase - Has 3 phases:
    1.
A

G1 - after mitosis. cell undergoes growth and other cell functions, chromosome consists of 1 chromatid.

39
Q

2.

A

S (synthesis) - cell undergoes dna replication. chromosomes now have 2 identical sister chromatids joined in the centre by a centromere.

40
Q

3.

A

G2 - cell is preparing for division. chromosomes still have 2 chromatids.

41
Q

Phases of Mitosis:

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

42
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Centrioles move to opposite poles.
  2. Spindle fibers begin to form.
  3. Nuclear membrane begins to disappear.
  4. Chromatin network condenses to form chromosomes.
43
Q

Prophase labels: (4)

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Spindle fibers
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Nuclear membrane
44
Q

Metaphase:

A
  1. Spindle formed.
  2. Nucleus disappeared.
  3. Chromosomes line up at equator of cell.
  4. Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers at the centromere.
45
Q

Metaphase labels: (5)

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Spindle fiber
  3. Equator
  4. Chromosomes
  5. Centriole
46
Q

Anaphase:

A
  1. Sister chromatids now called daughter chromosomes
  2. Spindle fibers contract and shorten
  3. Centromere splits
  4. Spindle fibers pull daughter chromosomes towards opposite poles
47
Q

Anaphase labels: (5)

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Spindle fiber
  3. Daughter chromosomes
  4. Centromere
  5. Centrioles
48
Q

Telophase:

A
  1. Daughter chromosomes reached the poles
  2. Nuclear membrane reappears around daughter chromosomes
  3. Spindle fibers disappear
  4. Nucleolus reappears
  5. Cell membrane constricts - start of cytokinesis
  6. Daughter chromosomes unwind back to chromatin network
49
Q

Telophase labels: (6)

A
  1. Nuclear membrane
  2. Cell membrane constricting in
  3. Nucleolus reappearing
  4. Daughter chromosome
  5. Spindle fiber
  6. Centriole
50
Q

Another name for mitosis:

A

Karyokinesis

51
Q

Cytokinesis is…

A

followed after mitosis and the division of the cytoplasm.
the cell membrane pinches inward along the equator creating 2 separate cells.
the division of the parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

52
Q

Cytokinesis labels (4)

A
  1. Transverse membrane
  2. Cell membrane
  3. 2 genetically identical daughter cells
  4. nucleus
53
Q

2 differences in mitosis of plants:

A
  1. No centriole (centromere) - spindle fibers form from cytoplasm
  2. During Telophase, cell plate is created to separate the 2 daughter cells.
54
Q

Preceding means…

A

before

55
Q

Proceeding means…

A

after

Biology - Mitosis (2 decks)

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