migration

Question 1

define migration

Answer 1

Movement of people from one area to another

Question 2

define immigration

Answer 2

Movement into society (entering)

Question 3

define emigration

Answer 3

Movement out of society (leaving)

Question 4

define net migration

Answer 4

The difference between the number of immigrants
and emigrants which is expressed as a net increase or decrease

Question 5

what does migration affect?

Answer 5

the size and age of the population is migration

Question 6

what was immigration like before 1950?

Answer 6

1900-WW2(1945) the largest immigrant group were the Irish who came over to the UK for economic reasons.
• The second largest group were eastern European Jews who were often refugees fleeing persecution.
• Very few immigrants were non-white

Question 7

what was immigration like after 1950?

Answer 7

During the 1950-60’s black immigrants from the Caribbean began to arrive in the UK due to labour shortages in the UK.
• During the 1960’s and 70’s South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan,BangladeshiandSriLankacametotheUK. Thisisalso similar for East African Asian Immigrants from Kenya and Uganda

Question 8

who were the wind rush generation?

Answer 8

people who emigrated from the Caribbean to Britain between the arrival of the HMT Empire Windrush on 22 June 1948 due to labour shortages and got british citizenship

Question 9

what was the Windrush scandal?

Answer 9

scandal that began in 2018 concerning people who were wrongly detained, denied legal rights, threatened with deportation, and in at least 83 cases wrongly deported from the UK. children came on siblings passports so could not provide documentation

Question 10

what immigration acts were put in place for immigration?

Answer 10

In 1962 a Conservative government passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, which for the first time reduced free movement for citizens of Commonwealth countries and the Colonies.
More recently the 2014 Immigration Act that marked the Windrush Scandal

Despite the UK having more white immigrants than non-white immigrants, from 1962-1990 severe restrictions were put in place to stop non-white immigration.
• By the 1980’s non-white immigrants accounted for only a quarter of all immigrants.

Question 11

what are 2 main reasons for emigration?

Answer 11

The main reasons are economic:
Push factors – economic recession and unemployment at home
Pull factors – higher wages or better opportunities abroad.

Question 12

why is the UK classed as a net explorer?

Answer 12

– more people emigrated than immigrated to the UK.

Question 13

what is the impact of migration on the UK?

Answer 13

1. Population size has increased
2. Age structure (average age) of society has lowered
3. Impacts the dependency ratio

Question 14

what is globalisation?

Answer 14

the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.

Question 15

what factors contributed to the growth of globalisation?

Answer 15

the growth of communication systems and global media, the creation of global markets, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the expansion of the European Union.

Question 16

what has globalisation led to?

Answer 16

One such change is increased international migration – the movement of people across borders. We can identify several trends in global migration

Question 17

what is acceleration?

Answer 17

speeding up of the rate of migration.

Question 18

how much has immigration increased between 2000-13

Answer 18

According to the United Nations between 2000 and 2013 international migration increase by 33%, to reach 232 million, or 3.2% of the world’s population.
• In the same year, almost a million people either entered or left the UK.

Question 19

what is differentiation?

Answer 19

different types of migrants

Question 20

what is the no.1 reason why people migrate to the UK?

Answer 20

to study at university

Question 21

Vertovec (2007)

Answer 21

Vertovec (2007) has called super-diversity: even within a single ethnic group individuals may differ in terms of their legal status, culture or religion and be widely dispersed throughout the UK.

Question 22

what are citizens?

Answer 22

Have full citizenship rights e.g. voting, access to benefits. Since the 1970s, the UK had made it harder to acquire these rights

Question 23

what are denizens?

Answer 23

The privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state. E.g. billionaires, highly paid employees of multinational companies

Question 24

what are helots?

Answer 24

The most exploited group. States and employers regard them a disposable ‘units of labour power’. Found in unskilled labour forces and include legal and illegal workers

Question 25

what is the feminisation of migration?

Answer 25

In the past, most migrants were
• However, today almost half of all global migrants are female.
• The types of jobs they do tend to fit patriarchal stereotypes such that there is a global gendered division of labour.

Question 26

Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003)

Answer 26

observe that care work, domestic, care work and sex work in the UK is increasingly done by women from poor countries.

Question 27

what is
Ehrenreich and Hochschilds theory a result of?

Answer 27

The expansion of service occupations has resulted in an increasing demand for female labour
2. Western women are now in the labour force and are less likely to perform domestic labour
3. Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
4. The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare.

Question 28

what did shlutz find?

Answer 28

Shultz- 40% of adult care nurses in the UK migrants and most of these are female.

Question 29

why is there a ‘global transfer’ of women’s emotional support?

Answer 29

There is also a ‘global transfer’ of women’s emotional labour i.e. migrant nannies who often have to leave their own children in their home country to work abroad to provide care and affection for their employers’ children.

Question 30

what is one way a migrant women can enter western countries?

Answer 30

mail order brides

Question 31

what do mail order brides reflect?

Answer 31

This often reflects the
gendered and racialized stereotypes e.g. Asian women being subservient

Question 32

how can women enter countries illegally?

Answer 32

Women also enter the UK illegally through illegal sex trafficking where women are kept in conditions amounting to slavery.

Question 33

what is a UK points system?

Answer 33

a immigrant can gain citizenship through the point based system through education level, language ect… this makes them more british

Question 34

what are migrant identities?

Answer 34

Our identity is made up of multiple sources from our family, neighbourhood, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, and nationality etc.
• For migrants and their descendants, their country of origin may provide an additional source of identity.

Question 35

what did Eade (1994) find?

Answer 35

migrants can develop hybrid identities made up of two or more different sources

Question 36

what was found from Bangladeshi muslims?

Answer 36

Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities: they saw themselves first as Muslim, then Bengali and then British.

Question 37

what did Eriksen find?

Answer 37

According to Eriksen(2007), globalisation has created more diverse migration patters, with back and forth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another country.
• This results in such migrants being less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or another and instead they may develop transnational (neither/ nor) identities and loyalties

Question 38

how has modern technology impacted migration?

Answer 38

Modern technology makes it possible to maintain global relationships without having to travel.
* The globalised economy means that economic migrants may have more links to other migrants than to their country of origin or the country they are currently settled in.
* Such migrants are less likely to want to assimilate into the ‘host country’
e.g. Eriksen found that Chinese immigrants in Italy found Mandarin more useful than Italian as it was important for their global connections.

Question 39

what is the politicalisation of migration?

Answer 39

With the increased global flow of migrants, migration has become a political issue.
• States now have policies that seek to control immigration, absorb migrants into society and deal with increased ethnic and cultural diversity.
• More recently policies have also become linked to national security and anti-terrorism policies.

Question 40

what is assimilation?

Answer 40

It aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture, to become ‘like us’

Question 41

why did assimilation fail?

Answer 41

failed because of the desire of many migrants to retain aspects of their ‘culture of origin’ and do not see themselves as belonging to just one nation state

Question 42

what did assimilation result in?

Answer 42

the british citizenship test

Question 43

what is the british citizenship test?

Answer 43

If immigrants to the UK want to claim British Citizenship, then they need to pass a British Citizenship Test. You need to get 75% to pass.
• Bartram argues that the UK citizenship was introduced in 2005 in order to address white working class concerns over immigration.
• The test consists of a number of questions on British history, culture, society and politics. If you’d like to try some test questions the Life in the UK Test 2020 has some examples, and if you answer 25 questions it will even tell you whether you’d pass the test

Question 44

what is a positive impact of the politicalisation of migration?

Answer 44

multiculturalism

Question 45

what is multiculturalism?

Answer 45

Multiculturalism accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity.

Question 46

what is a consequence of multicultural policy?

Answer 46

emergence of multicultural education in schools.

Question 47

why did Eriksen criticise multicultural education?

Answer 47

However, Eriksen criticises such education as encouraging ‘shallow diversity’ – so we accept the surface elements of other cultures such as Samosas and Saris, but it fails to address issues surrounding ‘deep diversity’ such as racism.

Question 48

what does castle argue about assimilation?

Answer 48

Castle argues that assimilationist policies do not actually work but are counter-productive as they essentially label migrants as ‘the other’.
• This can lead to minorities emphasising their differences, which may then increase the hosts’ suspicion of them as the ‘enemy within’.
• This may then lead to anti-terrorism policies being created to target groups which reproduces further marginalisation and defeating the goal of assimilation.

Question 49

what does assimilation produce?

Answer 49

Assimilationism produces a divided working class as it encourages workers to blame those who are different to them (migrants) for social problems such as unemployment…