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Midterms Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of the origins/development of people and societies/cultures

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2
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of past people/cultures

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3
Q

Olduvai Gorge

A

Donald Johansen found hominid skeleton and named her Lucy

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4
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

the earliest period of human history, the old Stone Age

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5
Q

Neolithic Age

A

the final era of prehistory, which began about 9000 B.C.; also called the New Stone Age

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6
Q

domesticate

A

to tame animals and adapt crops so they are best suited to use by humans

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7
Q

nomad

A

a person who moves from place to place in search of food

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8
Q

city-state

A

a political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages

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9
Q

What are the 8 features of civilization?

A 
Cities
Organized Governments
Complex Religions
Job Specialization
Arts and Architecture
Public Works
Writing
Social Classes
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10
Q

civilization

A

a complex, highly organized social order

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11
Q

empire

A

a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

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12
Q

pre-history

A

the time period before writing systems were created

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13
Q

History

A

the study of how people lived in the past based on written evidence

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14
Q

Artifact

A

an object made by human beings

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15
Q

Culture

A

the way of life of a society, which is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience

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16
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

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17
Q

Hominid

A

human-like primate

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18
Q

animism

A

world is full of spirits/forces that live in animals, objects and dreams

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19
Q

Polytheistic

A

believing in many gods

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20
Q

artisan

A

a skilled craftsperson

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21
Q

Technology

A

the skills and tools people used to meet basic needs

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22
Q

scribe

A

used for record keeping

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23
Q

pictograph

A

one of the earliest known forms of writing

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24
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

region of the Middle East in which civilizations first arose

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25
Q

criminal law

A

branch of law that deals with offenses against others

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26
Q

civil law

A

branch of law that deals with private rights and matters

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27
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

tells the story of a great flood that destroyed the world

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28
Q

Assyrians

A
  • 1100 BC-moved into Mesopotamia
  • “most feared warriors in history”
  • captured and destroyed Babylon
  • fierce warriors, but strong rulers out of Ninevah, Assurbanipal
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29
Q

Mesopotamia

A

region within the Fertile Crescent that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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30
Q

Sumer

A

site of the world’s first civilization, located in southeastern Mesopotamia

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31
Q

hierarchy

A

system of ranking groups

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32
Q

ziggurat

A

in ancient Mesopotamia, a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to a city’s chief god or goddess

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33
Q

Sargon

A

built the first empire known in history by conquering the city-states of Sumer

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34
Q

Hammurabi

A

didn’t create the Code of Hammurabi, but mandated that all 300 be carved on a stone pillar for all to see

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35
Q

codify

A

arrange and set down in writing

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36
Q

Nebuchadnezzar

A

revives Babylon

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37
Q

barter economy

A

economic system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another

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38
Q

money economy

A

economic system in which goods or services are paid for through the exchange of a token of an agreed value

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39
Q

alphabet

A

writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound

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40
Q

Persians

A

interestingly, the Persians ruled with tolerance

the Persians divided the empire into satrapies

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41
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

conquers the the world’s largest empire

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42
Q

Darius I

A

demanded gifts of “earth and water” from all the Greek C-S

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43
Q

Hittites

A

1400 BC-moved into Mesopotamia
less civilized, but noted for metalwork
empire collapse in 1200 BC

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44
Q

cuneiform

A

in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks

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45
Q

satraps

A

ruled land
collected taxes (based on resources)
oversaw public works

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46
Q

tolerance

A

acceptance of the conquered people, respect of the diverse cultures

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47
Q

pharaoh

A

title of the rulers of ancient Egypt

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48
Q

vizier

A

chief minister who supervised the business of government in ancient Egypt

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49
Q

Hyksos

A

Invaded the Middle Kingdom using horse-drawn chariots

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50
Q

Hatshepsut

A

woman who exercised all the rights of a pharaoh; expanded trade to the East

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51
Q

Ramses II

A

expanded empire into Syria; bragged about victories on temples/statues

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52
Q

Osiris and Isis

A

promised eternal life after death’

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53
Q

Book of the Dead

A

a resource for the journey through the underworld

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54
Q

Howard Carter

A

found King Tut’s tomb

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55
Q

papyrus

A

plant used to make a paper-like writing material in ancient Egypt

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56
Q

hieroglyphics

A

system of writing in which pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds

57
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

stone monument that includes the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek and that was used to decipher the meanings of many hieroglyphs

58
Q

Old Kingdom

A

the Pyramids of Giza were built as tombs for Pharaohs

ended in 2200 BC due to power struggles, crop failures, cost of the pyramids, and general disunity

59
Q

Middle Kingdom

A
  • new pharaohs united the land, but faced new problems.
  • no regular flooding from the Nile
  • corruption/rebellion constantly
  • armies occupied Nubia
  • gold-rich land south of Upper Egypt trade increased with Middle East & Crete.
60
Q

The New Kingdom

A

Powerful pharaohs ruled Egypt at its height

stretched to the Euphrates

61
Q

monsoon

A

seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year

62
Q

Indus River Valley

A

largest civilization until the Persian Empire

63
Q

veneration

A

special regard for

64
Q

Mohenjo-Daro

A

one of the major cities of the Indus River valley

65
Q

Harappa

A

one of the major cities of the Indus River Valley

66
Q

reincarnation

A

rebirth of the soul

67
Q

karma

A

actions in life that affect fate in the next

68
Q

dharma

A

religious/mortal duties of a person

69
Q

moksha

A

union with brahman

70
Q

caste

A

in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born

71
Q

caste rules

A

no marrying outside your caste
no eating with those outside your caste
lowest caste (Untouchables) had to dig graves, tan hides, or clean streets.
Untouchables had to live apart and alert their approach

72
Q

Siddhartha Guatama

A

founded Buddhism

73
Q

eightfold path

A

as taught by the Buddha, the path one must follow to achieve nirvana

74
Q

Four Noble Truths

A
  1. All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. life is pain
  2. The cause of pain is the desire for things that are really illusions; such as riches, power, and long life. desire causes pain
  3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. no desire=no pain
  4. The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path. eightfold path=be a good person
75
Q

nirvana

A

in Buddhist belief, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth

76
Q

loess

A

fine windblown yellow soil

77
Q

yin and yang

A

yin
Earth
darkness
female

yang
heaven
light
male

78
Q

dynastic cycle

A

rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven

79
Q

feudalism

A

loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

80
Q

Confucius

A

Chinese philosopher
born 551 BC
never wrote down idea
philosophy

81
Q

filial piety

A

respect for parents

82
Q

philosophy

A

system of ideas on how to ensure social order and good government

83
Q

oracle bones

A

in Shang China, animal bone or turtle shell used by priests to predict the future

84
Q

Zhonggou

A

the Middle Kingdom

85
Q

calligraphy

A

the art of producing beautiful handwriting

86
Q

Shi Huang DI

A

emperor of the Qin dynasty

87
Q

Wudi

A

a Han emperor who took China to new heights

88
Q

monopoly

A

complete control of a product or business by one person or group

89
Q

expansionism

A

policy of increasing the amount of territory a government holds

90
Q

civil servant

A

government official

91
Q

acupuncture

A

medical treatment, originated in ancient China, in which needles are inserted into the skin at specific points to relieve pain or treat various illnesses

92
Q

subcontinent

A

large landmass that juts out from a continent

93
Q

brahman

A

all around

94
Q

ahisma

A

nonviolence

95
Q

Silk Road

A

an ancient network of trade routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent

96
Q

legalism

A

developed by Hanfeizi
“nature of man is evil”
achieve order with strict laws and harsh punishments
strength not goodness is a ruler’s greatest virtue

97
Q

daoism

A

founded by Laozi [Old Master]
focused on harmony with nature-not seeking order
centered around “Dao” [the way of the universe]
reject conflict, value yielding
government is unnatural-the best governs least
eventually became a religion with gods/goddesses

98
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

the divine right to rule

99
Q

Knossos

A

an ancient Minoan city on the island of Crete

100
Q

fresco

A

colorful painting completed on wet plaster

101
Q

Trojan War

A

in Greek epic poems and myths, a ten-year war between Mycenae and the city of Troy in Asia Minor

102
Q

Minoans

A

first civilized group in the Greek world
named by a British archaeologist after King Minos
thrived on Crete between 1750-1400
developed extensive trade relations with Egypt and Mesopotamia

103
Q

strait

A

narrow water passage

104
Q

Homer

A

Dorian poet
recited epics (Iliad and Odyssey)
lived around 750 BC
blind

105
Q

alphabet

A

writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound

106
Q

polis

A

city-state in ancient Greece

107
Q

acropolis

A

highest and most fortified point within a Greek city-state

108
Q

citizen

A

a native or resident of a town or city

109
Q

monarchy

A

government in which a king or queen exercises central power

110
Q

oligarchy

A

government in which ruling power belongs to a few people

111
Q

aristocracy

A

government headed by a privileged minority or upper class

112
Q

phalanx

A

in ancient Greece, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

113
Q

Sparta

A

~ city state located in the south of Peloponnesus
~Spartans were Dorians who conquered Laconia
~turned all Laconians into helots
~major problem: more helots than Spartans
~solution: brutal system of strict control

114
Q

Athens

A

located in Attica just north of Peloponnesus
with an aristocracy - discontent increased
soldiers, merchants and farmers became angry
all wanted more rights and demanded changes
slowly shifted to becoming a democracy
democracy: “government by the people”

115
Q

democracy

A

government in which the people hold ruling power

116
Q

tyrant

A

in ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force

117
Q

legislature

A

lawmaking body

118
Q

Darius I

A

Persian king, demanded gifts of “earth and water” from all the Greek C-S

119
Q

Marathon

A

C-S just north of Athens

120
Q

Thermopylae

A

narrow mountain pass

121
Q

Ionia

A

Persian-controlled C-S, rebelled, was helped by Athens

122
Q

alliance

A

formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense

123
Q

Delian League

A 
Athens slowly creates an empire
Athens wanted to take over Milos
Milos is neutral, doesn't want conflict
Athens attacks
Milonians fought, defeated, and enslaved
124
Q

direct democracy

A

system of government in which citizens participate directly in the day-to-day affairs of government rather than through elected representatives

125
Q

Pericles

A

told everyone to move inside city walls when Sparta attacked Athens
plague spread and killed 1/3 of population including Pericles

126
Q

stipend

A

a fixed salary given to public office holders

127
Q

ostracism

A

practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy

128
Q

Peloponessian War

A 
Athens is growing
Sparta = strongest
Athens = wealthiest
interests collide
allies get in conflict
129
Q

philosopher

A

someone who seeks to understand and explain life; a person who studies philosophy

130
Q

logic

A

rational thinking

131
Q

rhetoric

A

art of skillful speaking

132
Q

Aristotle

A

taught Alexander the Great

133
Q

Alexander the Great

A 
took over
born in 356 BC
taught by Aristotle
cunning general
powerful commander
134
Q

Philip II

A

father of Alexander the Great

assassinated on he day of his daughter’s wedding

135
Q

assassination

A

murder of a public figure, usually for political reasons

136
Q

assimilate

A

absorb or adopt another culture

137
Q

Alexandria

A

an ancient Hellenistic city in Egypt

138
Q

Hellenism

A

the spread of Greek culture
through Alexander and cultural diffusion
Greek culture dominated the area
“Hellenistic Period” lasts until the rise of Rome

139
Q

Cleistines

A

followed the Peisistratids
made government more accessible
created “Council of 500
made assembly a legislature

History (5 decks)

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