Midterm Second Quarter Week 7 On Flashcards
Examples of Imprinting Behaviors
- a hawk raised by humans will not mate with another hawk
- geese follow the first moving stimulus they see after hatching
Examples of Spatial Learning Behaviors
- a rat can navigate a maze by using landmarks
- grey squirrels can relocate buried food
- an octopus can navigate in a new tank after a 24-hour period
Examples of Conditioning
- a dolphin associates with sound of a clicker with a food reward
- a pigeon is trained to push a level for a food reward
Examples of Cognition
- capuchins can modify a stick to obtain candy
- a chimpanzee teaches sign language to another chimpanzee
- a captive orca discovers how to use fish to lure seagulls
What is an example of proximate cause?
people sleep at night because a molecule that accumulates during the day has an effect on the sleep centers of the brain
What is an example that describes an ultimate cause?
birds have hollow bones because hollow bones increased the fitness of their ancestors by allowing them to run faster and capture prey more efficiently
Complex Behaviors are determined by?
- a number of genes
- as well as environmental factors (nature vs nature)
Genetic Components of behavior
can evolve through natural selection
What is true about deuterostomes?
- have a coelom
- have a similar pattern of early embryonic development
- are triploblastic
- have three tissue layers
- exhibit bilateral symmetry
What structures were innovations that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
- bone
- amniotic egg
- jaws
What characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other deuterostome lineages?
- their body plan
- echinoderms exhibit a unique body plan characterized by an endoskeleton and a water vascular system
Chordates
- defined by the presence of four morphological traits
- a notochord
- a dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- a tail behind the anus
A pharyngeal gill slit
- is an opening into the throat
- can be used for feeding or gas exchange
Transitional Fossil
have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants
What are tetrapods?
- mammals
- birds
- amphibians
- reptiles
- their limbs are built with the one bone, two bones, many bones, digits arrangement