Midterm Second Quarter Week 7 On Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Imprinting Behaviors

A
  • a hawk raised by humans will not mate with another hawk
  • geese follow the first moving stimulus they see after hatching
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2
Q

Examples of Spatial Learning Behaviors

A
  • a rat can navigate a maze by using landmarks
  • grey squirrels can relocate buried food
  • an octopus can navigate in a new tank after a 24-hour period
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3
Q

Examples of Conditioning

A
  • a dolphin associates with sound of a clicker with a food reward
  • a pigeon is trained to push a level for a food reward
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4
Q

Examples of Cognition

A
  • capuchins can modify a stick to obtain candy
  • a chimpanzee teaches sign language to another chimpanzee
  • a captive orca discovers how to use fish to lure seagulls
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5
Q

What is an example of proximate cause?

A

people sleep at night because a molecule that accumulates during the day has an effect on the sleep centers of the brain

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6
Q

What is an example that describes an ultimate cause?

A

birds have hollow bones because hollow bones increased the fitness of their ancestors by allowing them to run faster and capture prey more efficiently

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7
Q

Complex Behaviors are determined by?

A
  • a number of genes
  • as well as environmental factors (nature vs nature)
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8
Q

Genetic Components of behavior

A

can evolve through natural selection

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9
Q

What is true about deuterostomes?

A
  • have a coelom
  • have a similar pattern of early embryonic development
  • are triploblastic
  • have three tissue layers
  • exhibit bilateral symmetry
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10
Q

What structures were innovations that occurred during vertebrate diversification?

A
  • bone
  • amniotic egg
  • jaws
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11
Q

What characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other deuterostome lineages?

A
  • their body plan
  • echinoderms exhibit a unique body plan characterized by an endoskeleton and a water vascular system
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12
Q

Chordates

A
  • defined by the presence of four morphological traits
  • a notochord
  • a dorsal nerve cord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • a tail behind the anus
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13
Q

A pharyngeal gill slit

A
  • is an opening into the throat
  • can be used for feeding or gas exchange
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14
Q

Transitional Fossil

A

have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants

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15
Q

What are tetrapods?

A
  • mammals
  • birds
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • their limbs are built with the one bone, two bones, many bones, digits arrangement
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16
Q

What evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?

A
  • fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos
  • the fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago
  • DNA analysis show that fish are tetrapods’ closest relatives
  • both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates