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Research Methology > Midterm 1st > Flashcards

Midterm 1st Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

A systematic approach to inquiry that involves observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and analysis.

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2
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

The belief that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience and observation.

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3
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

A tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s beliefs.

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4
Q

What is a Literature Review?

A

A comprehensive survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic, summarizing current knowledge and identifying research gaps.

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5
Q

What are Boolean Operators?

A

AND, OR, NOT - used in searches to narrow, broaden, or exclude terms.

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6
Q

What is Truncation in research?

A

A search technique using a symbol (often ) to find various word endings (e.g., ‘educat’ for ‘education’, ‘educator’).

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7
Q

What is Peer Review?

A

Evaluation of scientific work by others in the field to ensure accuracy and credibility.

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8
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

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9
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

The variable being measured or tested in an experiment.

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10
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Research focused on understanding people’s experiences, thoughts, and behaviors, typically using non-numerical data.

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11
Q

What is Quantitative Research?

A

Research focused on quantifying data and typically involving statistical analysis to find patterns.

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12
Q

What is Correlational Research?

A

A non-experimental research method used to assess relationships between naturally occurring variables.

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13
Q

What is Experimental Research?

A

A method where variables are manipulated to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

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14
Q

What is an Operational Definition?

A

A clear, precise definition of how a variable will be measured in a study.

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15
Q

What is Reliability in research?

A

The consistency of a measurement tool, including test-retest reliability and internal consistency.

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16
Q

What is Validity?

A

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

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17
Q

What is Systematic Observation?

A

An ordered method for close examination to obtain reliable, unbiased data.

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18
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

The extent to which a study supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused observed changes in the dependent variable.

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19
Q

What is External Validity?

A

The extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the study conditions.

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20
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing biases.

21
Q

What is a Sample?

A

A subset of a population chosen for a study, ideally representative of the population.

22
Q

What is Convenience Sampling?

A

Selecting participants who are conveniently available, though it may introduce bias.

23
Q

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

A

The stability of test scores over time; a reliable test will yield similar results on multiple occasions.

24
Q

What is Inter-Rater Reliability?

A

The extent to which multiple observers provide consistent assessments or measurements.

25
Q

What is a Control Group?

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

26
Q

What is Between-Subjects Design?

A

An experimental design where different groups are exposed to different conditions.

27
Q

What is Within-Subjects Design?

A

An experimental design where the same participants experience all conditions of the study.

28
Q

What is Quasi-Experimental Design?

A

A research design that lacks random assignment, often used when experiments are impractical or unethical.

29
Q

What is Single-Subject Design?

A

An experimental design focusing on individual cases, using the individual as their own control.

30
Q

What is a Correlation Coefficient?

A

A statistic (often Pearson’s r) that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

31
Q

What is Positive Correlation?

A

A relationship where two variables increase or decrease together.

32
Q

What is Negative Correlation?

A

A relationship where one variable increases as the other decreases.

33
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that assumes no relationship exists between variables, used as a basis for testing.

34
Q

What is an Alternative Hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that there is an effect or relationship between variables, opposite of the null hypothesis.

35
Q

What is Meta-Analysis?

A

A statistical analysis combining results from multiple studies to find overall trends.

36
Q

What is a Systematic Review?

A

A comprehensive synthesis of studies on a specific research question, using predefined criteria.

37
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

A logical process where conclusions follow from general principles.

38
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

A

A logical process that derives general principles from specific observations.

39
Q

What is Abductive Reasoning?

A

A reasoning process aiming to find the most likely explanation for an observation.

40
Q

What is Standardization?

A

Ensuring uniform procedures in test administration to make results comparable.

41
Q

What is an Observation Study?

A

A non-experimental research method that involves observing subjects without interference.

42
Q

What is a Survey Study?

A

Research using questionnaires or interviews to collect data on participants’ thoughts or behaviors.

43
Q

What is a Testable Hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that can be empirically tested and potentially falsified.

44
Q

What is a Theory?

A

A set of principles or explanations supported by evidence, used to explain phenomena.

45
Q

What is Falsifiability?

A

A quality of a hypothesis that allows it to be proven false by empirical evidence.

46
Q

What are Extraneous Variables?

A

Variables not of interest in a study but that might influence the results.

47
Q

What are Confounding Variables?

A

Variables that interfere with the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

48
Q

What is Error Variance?

A

The variability in a dependent variable not explained by the independent variable, often random.

Research Methology (3 decks)

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