Midterm 1

Question 1

The Public Sphere (Habermas)

Answer 1

A space where rational discussions can take place among citizens in resolving opinions about the current issues of the day

Question 2

Public Relations

Answer 2

• Involves the communication & exchange of ideas either in response to, or to facilitate change.
• Albert Oecki (1964): PR is a two-way conversation, a dialogue, with the three-fold task:
o Inform
o Adapt
o Integrate

Question 3

Critical Theory

Answer 3

• Focuses on power
• Highlights unfair practices to change society
• Elucidates structures that limit human potential

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

•	Analyzes how something functions
•	Emphasizes cause & effect
•	Views societies as integrated, harmonious, cohesive wholes
•	Ideal function:
o	Equilibrium
o	Consensus
o	Social Order

Question 5

Strategic Communications

Answer 5

• Rationally intended purposeful thought to guide actions
• Stratos (army) + agein (to lead)
• Plan or scheme used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end

Question 6

Propaganda

Answer 6

• Congregation for he propagation of the faith

* To multiply by layers or shoots

Question 7

Psy- Ops

Answer 7

• Military Information Support Operations (MISO)
• Tactics intended to manipulate opponents or enemies
• Planned operations to convey selected info & indicators to audiences to influence emotions, motives, reasoning, groups, individuals, behavior of governments

Question 8

Othering

Answer 8

• Identity formation through contradiction

* Subject acting upon an object (functionalism)

Question 9

Identity

Answer 9

• Internal perception

* Psychological

Question 10

Image

Answer 10

• Projected or reproduced

* Material

Question 11

Reputation

Answer 11

• External perception

* Psychological

Question 12

Systems Theory

Answer 12

• Living, interacting organisms
• Holistic ecosystems
• Complexity & specialization
• Flux  homeostasis

Question 13

Benefits of system theory

Answer 13

• Broad perspective
• Clear rationale
• Order & stability (homeostasis)
• Interactive communication & language key
• Systems are more than sum of their parts
• Relationships influence shapes & attributes, not outcomes

Question 14

Issues

Answer 14

• Topic of debate, trend, recurring theme that moves from private to public sphere & into media
• Policy, public debate or concern relevant to organization

Question 15

Issues Management

Answer 15

• Shape & respond to public policy for benefit of organization
• Engage with stakeholders, emerging publics, policy makers
o The point where issues management merges with public affairs

Question 16

Risk

Answer 16

• Threat or possibility that an action or event will adversely or beneficially affect an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives
• Issue which has the potential to negatively impact an organization’s mission.

Question 17

Crisis

Answer 17

• An unusual situation that may threaten an organization’s business, reputation, image, relationships, harm its publics
• Threats: External. From the market or surrounding

Question 18

Risk VS Crisis Management

Answer 18

• Risk management:
o Identifying potential problems
• Crisis management:
o Deals with crisis event itself

Question 19

“The Risk Society” –Ulrich Beck (1992)

Answer 19

• Risk produced alongside benefits as a consequence of industrialization, modernization, & globalization
• Unwelcome side effects
• Consequence of human action

Question 20

Panopticon- Michel Foucault

Answer 20

• Adapted from Jeremy Bentham
• Large courtyard with a tower from which inmates in the courtyard cells can be observed
• Inmates can’t see inside  always behave as though there was a guard  act as their own guard

Question 21

Activism

Answer 21

• Activist group
o Two or more individuals who organize in order to influence another public or publics through action
o Members are committed and organized to reach goals

Question 22

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Answer 22

• Programs meant to redress the balance of any potential negative effects
o To pay a social debt or meet a social contract
• A way to build up “goodwill health” and accrue this against a day when there’s a crisis

Question 23

Cause-Related Marketing (CRM)

Answer 23

• Clicktivism

* The more of a product or service is sold, the more money goes to a charity

Question 24

Public Opinion

Answer 24

Source or site of power

Question 25

Public Affairs

Answer 25

Public relations + Public policy

Question 26

Rousseau’s Public Opinion

Answer 26

• Qualitative

* An understanding of the common outwardly expressed consensus

Question 27

Bernays Gallop’s Public Opinion

Answer 27

• Quantitative

* A statistically researched numerical account of outwardly expressed views of a representative sample