Midterm 1

Question 1

What do stigma and subjective social status mean

Answer 1

Stigma= when large groups endorse prejorative stereotypes about a minority and act on them
- can be structural or internalised
Subjective social status = respondent evaluations of their place in social hierarchies of eah country (In terms of - income
- educational level
- Occupation)

Question 2

How do stigma and social status impact mental health

Answer 2

Stigma surrounding or directed against MH is internalised by those with MH
- Drives poor self esteem and can further impact MH
Status= correlational inverse relationships between subjective social status and DMS 4 mental disorder

Question 3

Emil Kraepelin’s contribution to psychiatry

Answer 3

• Compendium of psychology
• First to use a range of research methods
• Wanted to establish systematic classification of mental disorders
• Influenced the neokraepelian movement
  (Sick is a category, environmental factors have little effect on MH etc.)

Question 4

What influenced Emil Kraepelin

Answer 4

Believed aetiology leads to pathological anatomy with leads to visible symptoms
- Diagnosis by symptoms is rosetta stone to understanding aetiology
- Psychical processes lead to psychological distress leads to behavioural oddities

Question 5

What is the personal construct theory (George Kelly)

Answer 5

Each person creates their personal mental constructs and cateogires to explain and predict the world
person’s processes channelized by the ways in which they anticipate events
- We all see the world throught our own lenses
- Focus on individual subjective experience

Question 6

How does personal construct theory depict abnormality (George Kelly)

Answer 6

C-P-C is important when understanding abnoramlity in PCT
- Circumspection - considers multiple constructs to percieve situation
- preemption- Anticipates potential outcomes
-Choice - Selecting and carrying out action that aligns with preemption (consistent with constructs about the world)
- individuals want cognitive coherence and consistency , distressting to not experience this
Threat, fear, guilt, anxiety- when ones construct called into question.

Question 7

Creativity Cycle

Answer 7

part of personal construct theory
- One begins with loose constructions of the world that eventually tighten as the individual seizes construct that is most promising and tests this against the world

Question 8

Base rate problem

Answer 8

Problem of ignoring the impact of false positives in genetic or drug testing
- 10% error rate in testing 98000 people who dont have depression will find 9800 false positives while only 2% (2000) people actually have depression (the 2% is the base rate)

Question 9

Base rate problem implication

Answer 9

• Leads to us overestimating the number of people who actually have the issue
• Number of people treated for MH is much higher than it needs to be

Question 10

How is reliability in psychiatric diagnosis determined

Answer 10

reliability is the consistency of diagnosis across clinicians
- 70% of clinicians agree, expected agreement is 50%
(0.7-0.5)/(1-0.5)= kappa
gives us ‘kappa’ statistic that ranges from 0.0 to 1.0
- 0.7 is considered satisfactory but most diagnoses aren’t reliable

Question 11

Key features of network model of classification

Answer 11

consists of network structure and network state
- Structure - web of relationships
- State- activation of the symptoms

Causality -> closesly connected networks most vulenrable to chance by something within it (Symptoms have stronger influence on one another, one symptoms leads to onset of another)

Centrality -> symptoms in middle of system have higher potential to spread activation
- More central symptoms

Connectivity -> Strong inteconnected symptoms more vulnerable to contagion effecg
- Condition could become self-sustaining