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CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) > MIDTERM 02 - Enteric and Other Gram-Negative Bacilli > Flashcards

MIDTERM 02 - Enteric and Other Gram-Negative Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

A large, heterogenous group of gram-negative rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and animals; are facultative anaerobes, catalase positive, and oxidase negative

A

Enterobacteriaceae/Enteric gram-negative bacilli/Coliforms

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2
Q

Test for Enterobacteriaceae that detects the ability to produce indole from tryptophan (IMViC test)

A

Indole test

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3
Q

Test for Enterobacteriaceae that detects the ability to produce acids (IMViC test)

A

Methyl red test

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4
Q

Test for Enterobacteriaceae that detects the ability to produce acetoin (IMViC test)

A

Voges-Proskauer test

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5
Q

Test for Enterobacteriaceae that detects the ability to utilize citrate (IMViC test)

A

Citrate test

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6
Q

3 tests for Enterobacteriaceae that tests the ability to ferment lactose

A

EMB medium, MacConkey medium, Deoxycholate medium

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7
Q

3 enterobacteriaceae that are rapid lactose fermenters (KrEE)

A

Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter

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8
Q

6 enterobacteriaceae that are late lactose fermenters (ESCAPE)

A

Edwardsiella, Serratia, Citrobacter, Arizona, Providencia, Erwinia

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9
Q

Most external part of the cell wall LPS and consists of repeating units of polysaccharide (Antigenic structures of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

O antigens

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10
Q

External to O antigens on some but not all Enterobacteriaceae (Antigenic structures of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

K antigens

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11
Q

Located on flagella; denatured or removed by heat or alcohol (Antigenic structures of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

H antigens

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12
Q

Most common cause of UTI; also causes sepsis and meningitis (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Escherichia coli

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13
Q

Causes diarrhea in infants (Diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli)

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

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14
Q

Causes traveler’s diarrhea (Diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli)

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

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15
Q

Causes mild non-bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (Diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli)

A

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

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16
Q

Exhibits symptoms similar to shigellosis (Diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli)

A

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

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17
Q

Causes acute and chronic diarrhea, and traveler’s diarrhea and persistent diarrhea in patients with HIV (Diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli)

A

Enteroaggressive E. coli (EAEC)

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18
Q

Treatment for Escherichia coli

A

Fluoroquinolones

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19
Q

An Enterobacteriaceae that has a capsule made of K antigens; causes hospital-acquired pneumonia (Klebsiella species)

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae/Friedlander’s Bacillus

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20
Q

An Enterobacteriaceae also known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis; causes granuloma inguinale/donovanosis (Klebsiella species)

A

Klebsiella granulomatis

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21
Q

An STD that is a chronic genital ulcerative disease that produces pseudobuboes (subcutenous granulomas) (Clinical findings of Klebsiella granulomatis)

A

Granuloma inguinale/Donovanosis

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22
Q

Treatment for Klebsiella granulomatis

A

Azithromycin

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23
Q

2 Enterobacteriaceae that causes hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, UTI, and wound and device infections (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes

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24
Q

A common opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients; causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and endocarditis (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Serratia marcescens

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25
Q

2 Proteus sp. that produces infections in humans only when the bacteria leave the intestinal tract; produces ureases (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris

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26
Q

Enzyme produced by Proteus sp. that hydrolyzes urea with the liberation of ammonia

A

Urease

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27
Q

Are members of the normal intestinal microbiota; causes UTIs (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Providencia

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28
Q

Causes UTI and sepsis principally among debilitated hospitalized patients; associated with meningitis in infants <2 months of age (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Citrobacter

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29
Q

Its natural habitat is limited to the intestinal tracts of humans and other primates; causes shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Shigella

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30
Q

Shigella causes __________, also known as bacillary dysentery

A

Shigellosis

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31
Q

Are exotoxins produced by Shigella that is heat-labile, antigenic, enterotoxic, and neurotoxic

A

Shigella toxins

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32
Q

Treatment/DOC for Shigella (for severe infections)

A

Ceftriaxone

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33
Q

Are peritrichous bacteria that usually produce H2S and is pathogenic for humans or animals when acquired by the oral route (Examples of Enterobacteriaceae)

A

Salmonella

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34
Q

2 main species of Salmonella

A

Salmonella enterica, Salmonella bongori

35
Q

Salmonella is cultured using __________

A

Bismuth sulfite agar

36
Q

Salmonella that causes typhoid fever

A

Typhoidal salmonella

37
Q

Salmonella that do not cause typhoid ever

A

Non-typhoidal salmonella

38
Q

Blood culture is positive in first to second weeks of the disease; Stool culture is positive from second week on (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Enteric fever/Typhoid fever

39
Q

Blood culture is positive during high fever; Stool culture is infrequently positive (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Septicemias

40
Q

Blood culture is negative; Stool culture is positive soon after onset (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Enterocolitis

41
Q

Produced by Salmonella serotype Typhi; characterized by fever, malaise, headache, constipation, bradycardia, and myalgia (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Enteric fever (Typhoid fever)

42
Q

Associated commonly with the Salmonella serotype choleraesius; characterized by focal lesions in lungs, bones, and meninges and usually has no intestinal manifestations (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Bacteremia

43
Q

Most common manifestation of salmonella infection; S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are prominent causes; characterized by nausea, headache, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea (Clinical findings of Salmonella)

A

Enterocolitis

44
Q

Treatment for Salmonella

A

Azithromycin PO

45
Q

An enterobacteriaceae characterized by bipolar staining with Wright, Giemsa, Wayson, or methylene blue stain; transmitted from rodent to rodent or rodent to humans (Yersinia species)

A

Yersinia pestis

46
Q

Main clinical finding for Yersinia pestis; also known as the Black Death of Medieval Europe

A

Plague

47
Q

3 types of plague

A

Bubonic, Septicemia, Pneumonic

48
Q

Characterized by high fever, painful lymphadenopathy, and enlarged tender nodes (buboes) in the neck, groin, or axillae (Types of plague)

A

Bubonic plague

49
Q

Characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, DIC, hypotension, altered mental status, renal and cardiac failure, and necrosis of the extremities (Types of plague)

A

Septicemic plague

50
Q

Characterized by chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, and severe respiratory distress (Types of plague)

A

Pneumonic plage

51
Q

3 treatments for Yersinia pestis

A

Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Doxycycline

52
Q

An Enterobacteriaceae that causes gastroenteritis or mesenteric lymphadenitis after ingestion of contaminated food or water (Yersinia species)

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

53
Q

Most common bacteria in surface waters worldwide; are comma-shaped and halotolerant (Examples of gram-negative bacilli)

A

Vibrio sp.

54
Q

Cultured using Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile-Sucrose (TCBS) agar; is oxidase-positive and caused six pandemics in the past (Vibrio species)

A

Vibrio cholerae

55
Q

Characterized by sudden onset of nausea and vomiting, as well as rice water stools (20-30 L/day) (Clinical findings of Vibrio cholerae)

A

Cholera

55
Q

Vibrio cholerae is cultured using __________ agar

A

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile-Sucrose agar

56
Q

Is an electrolyte-rich diarrhea from cholera with mucus, epithelial cells, vibrios, and can lead to dehydration, anuria, shock, acidosis, and death

A

Rice water stool

57
Q

Causes acute gastroenteritis after ingestion of contaminated seafood such as raw fish or shellfish (Vibrio species)

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

58
Q

Causes severe wound infections, bacteremia, and gastroenteritis after oyster consumption (Vibrio species)

A

Vibrio vulnificus

59
Q

A comma shaped bacteria that is microaerophilic, oxidase and catalase positive, and is cultured using Skirrow’s medium (Examples of gram-negative bacilli)

A

Campylobacter jejuni

60
Q

Campylobacter jejuni is cultured using __________ medium

A

Skirrow’s medium

61
Q

Characterized by acute onset of crampy abdominal pain, profuse diarrhea that may grossly blood, headache, malaise, and fever (Clinical findings of Campylobacter jejuni)

A

Campylobacteriosis

62
Q

Characterized by ascending paralytic disease (Clinical findings of Campylobacter jejuni)

A

Postdiarrheal Guillain-Barre syndrome

63
Q

A spiral shaped, gram-negative lophotrichous rod that is microaerophilic, oxidase and catalase positive, and produces urease; is cultured using Skirrow’s medium (Examples of gram-negative bacilli)

A

Helicobacter pylori

64
Q

Helicobacter pylori produces __________

A

Urease

65
Q

Helicobacter pylori is cultured using __________ medium

A

Skirrow’s medium

66
Q

Medium used for Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori that has reduced O2 and added CO2

A

Skirrow’s medium

67
Q

Test used to detect Helicobacter pylori; 13C or 14C labeled urea is ingested by the patient and urease labeled CO2 that can be detected in the patient’s exhaled breath

A

Urea breath test

68
Q

Characterized by epigastric pain, vomiting, fever, and bloody stools (Clinical findings of Helicobacter pylori)

A

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

69
Q

3 treatments for Helicobacter pylori

A

Triple therapy, PPI for 6 weeks, Quadruple therapy

70
Q

A gram-negative, motile, obligate aerobic rod which produce water-soluble pigments (Examples of gram-negative bacilli)

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

71
Q

A pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is fluoroscent green

A

Pyoverdine

72
Q

A pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is nonfluoroscent blue

A

Pyocyanin

73
Q

A pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is dark red

A

Pyorubin

74
Q

A pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is brown-black

A

Pyomelanin

75
Q

Used for attachment (Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigenic structures)

A

Pili, Fimbriae

76
Q

Responsible for tissue necrosis; major virulence factor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigenic structures)

A

Exotoxin A

77
Q

Occurs due to lumbar puncture (Clinical findings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

Meningitis

78
Q

Occurs due to catheters (Clinical findings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

UTI

79
Q

Occurs due to respirators (Clinical findings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

Necrotizing pneumonia

80
Q

Characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin surrounded by erythema and has no pus (Clinical findings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

Ecthyma gangrenosum

81
Q

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Piperacillin + Tobramycin

82
Q

Causes melioidosis/Whitemore’s disease (cutaneous, pulmonary, bacteremic, disseminated infection) (Burkholderia species)

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

83
Q

Causes endocarditis, septicemia, wounds, and UTIs (Burkholderia species)

A

Burkholderia cepacia

CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) (22 decks)

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