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Special pops > Mid term > Flashcards

Mid term Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar pain during pregnancy can stem from multiple sites such as:

A
  • facet joints
  • paraspinal muscles
  • supporting ligaments of the SI joint
  • discogenic
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2
Q

what is the cause of back pain during pregnancy

A
  • abdominal muscles become less effective at remain neutral posture
  • lumbar lordosis may increase
  • the center of gravity as a whole shifts posteriorly and inferiorly as the spine moves posterior to the center of gravity
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3
Q

___ allows pelvic expansion to accommodate the enlarging uterus . its levels increases tenfold reaching its peak at the 14th week

A

Relaxin

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4
Q

Joint laxity due to pregnancy can cause hyper mobility to the following joints:

A
  • SI joints
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Wrist and Ankle
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5
Q

the pubic symphysis widens in pregnancy from its normal width ___mm to a max of ___mm

A
  • .5

- 12

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6
Q

Widening of the pubic symphysis come the possibility of ________ of the pubis

A

vertical displacement

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7
Q

Movement of the ____ increases a lot during pregnancy

A

SI joint

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8
Q

Hypermobile SI joint can lead to:

A
  • discomfort when the ligament structures are stretched
  • pain walking and lying down
  • pain is deep and achy sore
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9
Q

Disc Pain

A
  • Süden onset , sharp , radiating pain
  • usually accompanied by antalgia
  • sharp pain is produced going into flexion
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10
Q

Facet Syndrome

A
  • Achy, sore dull pain - after prolonged periods of rest

- if dull is produced while into extension it is ore likely facet syndrome

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11
Q

list the factors that affect subluxation in pregnancy

A
  • number of pregnancies
  • status of the pelvic musculature
  • lifestyle
  • level of exercise
  • past trauma to the pelvis
  • different types and shape of pelvis
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12
Q

when adjusting the pregnant patient you should avoid _____

A

prolonged supine positions

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13
Q

a _____ incision around the areola increases your risk of having breastfeeding problems

A

smile

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14
Q

what is the optimal position for the baby in utero

A

Occiput Anterior position

- the baby is at a longitudinal lie, caudal presentation with head in slight flexion

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15
Q

Name this position:
with the face up toward the mother’s abdomen and in the longitudinal position with the head down
- in this fetal position a baby can’t extend his or her head out of the pubic bone which can make delivery more difficult

A

Occiput Posterior

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16
Q

what is the AKAs for occiput posterior

A
  • facial
  • brow
  • sunny side up
  • VOP
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17
Q

Name this breech position:
the head is located near the top of the uterus and buttocks facing the birth canal with both hips in flexion and knees in extension

A

Frank Breech

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18
Q

_____ is the most common type of breech presentation

A

Frank

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19
Q

Name this breech position:
the head will be located near the top of the uterus , legs folded at the knees and crossed and feet near the buttocks . Hips are flex and the knees are flexed

A

Complete Breech

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20
Q

name this breech position:

the baby in the head up position with one leg in extension and both hips in flexion

A

Incomplete breech

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21
Q

name this breech position:
the baby will be in the horizontal position
- few babies begin labor in this position

A

transverse lie

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22
Q

This baby’s head is up with one hip one hip in flexion

A

footling breech

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23
Q

How to dterime fetal position :

A
  • mom tells you
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24
Q

In leopards first maneuver what are we doing and what are we looking for?

A

locating the fetal part at the lower uterine segment apply slight counter pressure

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25
Q

Leopold’s second maneuver entails what ?

A

same positioning as the first maneuver. palpating for the baby’s head positioning

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26
Q

how do you perform Leopold/s third maneuver and what are you looking for

A

palpate down the lateral walls of the uterus to the cervical area.
identify the spine and the extremities

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27
Q

What are you locating in Leopold’s fourth maneuver?

A

locate the cephalic prominence to identify head position

sinciput vs. occiput

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28
Q

Auscultation of the fetal heart in the upper fundal segment indicates what presentation

A

head up

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29
Q

Auscultation of the fetal heart in the lower half of the uterus indicates what presentation

A

possible vertex presentation

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30
Q

The C-section rates are?

A

was 4.5% in US in 1965

  1. 8% in US today
    - 46% in China
    - 40% in italy
    - 14% in Nordic countries
31
Q

________ ______ extends from an attachment posterior laterally to the supra-vaginal portion of the cervix, encircles the rectum and attaches to the fascia over the sacrum

A

Uterosacral Ligament

32
Q

______ ______ originates from the uterus and insert into the pubic ramus… it is not a true ligament. it has muscle fibers which gives it ability to contract

A

round ligament

33
Q

What is Webster’s technique protocol for a breech baby

A
  1. check for leg lag
  2. adjust sacrum on the side of leg lag
  3. re-check the leg lag
  4. hold abdominal trigger point in the lower quadrant opposite leg lag
  5. repeat every other day, adjust nothing else that day
  6. continue up to 3 weeks
34
Q

What is the Webster’s Technique for a facial or brow baby

A
  1. check for leg lag
  2. adjust on the sacrum on the side of leg lag
  3. re-check the leg lag
  4. hold abdominal trigger points in the lower quadrant on the ipsilateral side of the leg lag
  5. repeat every other day - adjust nothing else that day
  6. continue up to 3 weeks
35
Q

What is Webster’s Technique for a transverse lie baby

A
  1. check for legal
  2. adjust the sacrum as a BP sacrum
  3. Re- check the leg lag
  4. hold abdominal trigger points in the lower quadrant on bilaterally
  5. repeat every other day- adjust nothing else that day
  6. continue for up to 6 weeks
36
Q

How can water therapy help with turning the baby

A
  • swimming in a warm pool can help
  • being in deep water may squeeze the fluids in the tissues into the bloodstream and increase the volume of amniotic fluid
  • increasing amniotic fluid by drinking plenty of water seems to help any method of trying to turn a breech baby as it gives the baby more buoyancy
37
Q

If a women with ___ is treated with antibiotics during labor , the risk of her infant developing and early ___ infection drops by 80%

A

-GBS( Group B Strep)

38
Q

_____ is a type of bacterial infection that can be found in a pregnant woman’s vagina or rectum , 40% of healthy women have this

A

GBS

39
Q

Between 2000-2006 ___ of births were affected in the US with GBS

A

0.04%

40
Q

_________ _____ labor and childbirth without medical intervention , no drugs are given to relieve pain or aid the birth process

A

natural childbirth

41
Q

According to Dr. Towbin, he states that the pulling “normal axial pull” on the baby’s head during delivery was pulled with _______ pounds of force

A

90-120 pounds of force

42
Q

List the factor in birth trauma

A
  • large for date infants especially over 10 pounds
  • instrumental deliveries
  • vaginal breech delivery
  • abnormal or excessive traction during delivery
43
Q

Symptoms of birth trauma

A
  • paralysis
  • unresponsiveness
  • bruising
  • deformities
  • developmental delays
  • extreme sleepiness
  • excessive crying
  • poor muscle crying
44
Q

Common birth traumas

A
  • infant brain injury
  • Erb’s palsy
  • Cephalohematoma
  • Cerebral palsy
  • fractures
  • bruising
  • Caput succedaneum
  • paralysis
45
Q

_____ is an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labor.

A

Dystocia

46
Q

Injuries resulting from shoulder dystocia

A
  • broken clavicle
  • Fx arm
  • contusion’s
  • Erb’s palsy
  • congenital torticollis
  • maternal injury
47
Q

____ paralysis of the arm caused by injury to ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1

A

Erb;s Plast

48
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Erb’s palsy

A
  • limp arm
  • lack of spontaneous movement in the arm or hand
  • affected arm may flop when the infant is rolled from side to side
  • decreased grip on the affected side
49
Q

______ is the most common fracture during birth, usually occurs with shoulder dystocia

A

clavicular Fx

50
Q

what are some major significance of clavicular fractures

A
  • cause brachial plexus injury

- pneumothorax from perforation of the apical pleura

51
Q

Congenital torticollis - the head is typically tilted in lateral bending ___ the affected muscle and rotate toward the ___ side

A
  • toward

- opposite

52
Q

In a pediatric exam, what are you looking for when examining the skin

A
  • rashes
  • marks
  • dehydration
  • cyanosis
  • Jaundice
53
Q

What are some ways to look for dehydration

A
  • depressed fontanels
  • chapped lips
  • tenting of the skin
  • diapers
54
Q

what may cause central cyanosis

A
  • Pneumonia
  • congenital heart disease
  • pulmonary embolism
  • bronchiolitis
55
Q

what are some signs of head flattening

A
  • head turned one way most of the time
  • head tilted to one side most of the time
  • flat spot or bald spot on back or one side of the head
  • bulging on one side of the head
  • one ear more forward than the other
  • asymmetry of the face
56
Q

_______ is the condition of the skull that is characterized by the premature closure of one or more sutures

A

craniosynostosis

57
Q

what are some sign and symptoms of plagiocephaly

A
  • oblique head
  • parallelogram
  • flattening on one side of the back of the head, and a noticeable rounder shape on the other side
58
Q

What are you looking for when inspecting the face

A
  • bell’s plays
  • eyelid ptosis
  • conjunctivitis
  • vision
  • ear position
  • hearing
59
Q

What are you looking for when inspecting the mouth

A
  • sucking
  • palate shape (steep , shallow, uneven)
  • TMJ
  • Tongue strength
60
Q

what are you looking for when inspection of the lower extremities and pelvis

A
  • inguinal skin and folds
  • hip joint
  • gluteal let
  • gluteal folds
61
Q

_______ reflex : babies display it only when hungry and touched by another person, not when they touch themselves

A

rooting

62
Q

_____ reflex - referred to as the startle reaction . present at birth, peaks in the first month of life .. disappears by 4 months of age …. legs and head extend while the arms jerk up and out with the palms up, shortly afterward the arm are brought together and the hands clench into fists

A

moro reflex

63
Q

absence of the moro reflex can indicate:

A

injury due to birth trauma such as a fractured clavicle or injury to the brachial plexus

64
Q

_____ reflex- present at birth, when soles of feet touch flat surface there will attempt to walk … reflex disappears at 6 weeks due to an increased ratio of leg weight to strength

A

walking/stepping

65
Q

______ _____ reflex - hold infant under the arms then tilt infant to one side…. the infant should try to laterally flex to maintain the horizon

A

Otolith Righting

66
Q

_____ reflex - present at birth … turns head toward anything that strokes the cheek or mouth … disappearing at 4 months

A

rooting

67
Q

______ reflex - present at birth … linked with rooting and breastfeeding

A

sucking

68
Q

Palmar and plantar grasp- appears at birth and persists until _______ months of age .. perform bilaterally

A

5 ot 6 months of age

69
Q

_________ - present at birth up to 8 weeks … skin along the side of an infant’s back is stroked, the infant will swing towards that side

A
  • gallant reflex

aka trunk incurvation

70
Q

Babinski reflex disappears around ____ mothnhs of age

A

12

71
Q

____ reflex is stimulated by momentarily shining a bright light directly into the infant;s eyes causing him or her to blink … this reflex should not become inhibited

A

blink reflex

72
Q

_____ reflex - seen at birth and gradually disappears… examiner makes loud noise .. normal response is for the infant to blink their eyes

A

acoustic blink

73
Q

_____ reflex - shows up between 6 months to a year of age … the infant is suspended in the prone position. the examiner will quickly change head position to mimic falling … infant should extend arm down as to brace the fall

A

parachute

74
Q

_____ appears between 2 weeks up until 2 years . the reflex is when you hold the baby under the belly , they should arch their back and try to extend their head

A

Landau

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