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World History > Mesopotamia > Flashcards

Mesopotamia Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Mesopotamia geographically? How was the land?

A

The area was less isolated; had more difficult living conditions, rivers flooded uncontrollably, extreme climate

Succession of city-states expanded over parts of the area

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2
Q

What was significant about Ancient Sumeria (4000-2000 BCE)?

A

Akkad was in the North, Sumer in the South, first civilization in Plain of Shinar

Important cities included Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, and Ur

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3
Q

How was the leadership of Sumeria?

A

independent city states with theocratic government, but no divine King; the king was Lugal, administrators = Ensi, high priest = Patesi (sometimes the king as well)

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4
Q

How was Sumerian Religion?

A

Used ziggurats and eddubas (scribes)

gods were forces of nature, differ from city-state to city-state, had sacrifice, later gained humanistic traits

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5
Q

What were the social classes within Ancient Sumeria?

A
  • Kings, Priest, & Warriors (irrigation run here)
  • Specialists, Admin, merchants, artisans
  • Free Farmers
  • Slaves
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6
Q

What were the achievements of Sumeria?

A

cuneiform on baked clay, bronze, potter’s wheel, sundial, metal plows, 1ST MAP OF WORLD, gold & silver vessels, KNOWN FOR METAL WORK

pottery figurins & jewelry, clay buildings, 60 based number system

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7
Q

Who was Sargon the Great?

A

first known conqueror from Med to Persian Guld in 2320 and starts 200 year dynasty

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8
Q

How did Sumeria end?

A

Sargon dynasty ends 100 years before, period of independence as Ur major city, demise due to series of invasion and SOIL SALINIZATION

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9
Q

Who were the Old Babylonia/Ammorites?

A

Had their capital at Babylon, wrote Gilgamesh, Hammurabi was greatest king with codes, the state > family vengeance

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10
Q

What was the class structure of Old Babylon/Ammorites?

A

No egalitarianism with brutal judgement, landowners/nobles > freemen > slaves

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10
Q

Who was their chief god in Old Babylon?

A

Marduk and other Sumerian variation

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11
Q

What were the achievements of Old Babylonia/Amorites?

A

known for astronomy & astrology, lunar calendar of 354 days and math system based on 12

used Barley over wheat, drained fields, and used fallow fields to battle salinization

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12
Q

Who destroyed Babylon and took from Ammorites?

A

Hittites ca. 1600 BC

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13
Q

Who came in after Hittites?

A

Kassites moved in and ruled Akkad & Sumer; it was a Dark Age with no advancements; they adopted all techniques

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14
Q

Who were the Ebla?

A

controlled Syria, used Semitic cuneiform, no walls around palace, kings chosen by people on 7 year terms but could be removed, 11,000 bureaucracy

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15
Q

Who were the Hittites?

A

Known for iron weapons & metals commerce, had Pankus warrior assemblies (no vote), government controlled economic life and law

polytheism, non-ethical religion, strict law

16
Q

Who was King Mursilis?

A

Hittite King who conquered Babylon

17
Q

Who conquered the Hittites?

A

Assyrians

18
Q

Who were the Lydians?

A

famous for armored chariots & gold, gold money imprinted

had their capital at Sardis with kings in luxury

19
Q

Who was Croesus?

A

Last and greatest king of Lydians

20
Q

Who were the Lydians conquered by?

A

Persians

21
Q

Who were the Phoenecians?

A

sailors & traders who voyaged via sun & stars, lots of colonies, maybe sailed around Africa to India, created alphabet (alpha and beth)

used cedar to build ships (Gilgamesh)

settled city-state with urban culture, exported purple clothes, cedar, pottery, perfume, contracts

22
Q

Who were the Arameans?

A

Semitic, central Syria with capital at Damascus, had weak kings & feuding states, great commerce with control of trade from Meso to Egypt

Aramaic language becomes trade language

23
Q

What were the 4 major stages of development with the Hebrews?

A

1) Polytheism
2) National Monolatry/Henotheism
3) Prophetic Revolution
- Monotheism, god is righteousness/human evil, ethical behavior
4) Post Exilic Stage, Messiah, Last Judgement

24
Q

What is the Hebrew History?

A

Abraham called to form new religion, leave Ur for Canaan, sons of Jacob become 12 tribes of Israel, Moses leads Hebrews out of Egypt to Palestine, Covenant and Laws formed around religion for first time

25
Q

Who were the three kings of the Kingdom Period with the Hebrews?

A

Saul, David, and Solomon

26
Q

Who were the rival kingdoms in Hebrew?

A

Israel (N) and Judah (S)

27
Q

Who conquered Israel? Judah?

A

Assyrians conquered Israel and Babylonians conquered Judah

28
Q

What did the Persians allow the Jews to do?

A

Allowed Jewish exiles to return to Palestine

29
Q

What led to Greek and Roman control of Hebrews?

A

loose cities without main organization and Diaspora

30
Q

What impact did the Hebrews have?

A

Monotheism, ethical conduct, THE BIBLE, parented Christianity & Islam, westerners are masters of nature without fear of deities

31
Q

Who were the Assyrians?

A

first massive empire, Nineveh capital, WELL TRAINED ARMY, good political admin, iron tipped arrows and cavalry, ROADS, extremely cruel in war and wall sculpture in victories

Ashurbanipal and Sennacherib kings

32
Q

How were the Assyrians overthrown?

A

They were hated by all so via coalition

33
Q

Who were the New Babylonians?

A

AKA Chaldeans, capital back to Babylon, NEBUCHADNEZZAR builds HANGING GARDENS, astronomy identifying 5 moving planets, blue glazed tile

Religion tied heavy to astronomy and consciousness of human sin

34
Q

How was the Persian empire set up?

A

Despotic rule over those conquered with local customs and beliefs allowed, 4 capital cities and empire divided into Satrapies with Satraps governing, used coinage, aramaic language, roads

architecture had heavy egyptian influence

35
Q

How was the Persian Religion?

A

Zoroastrianism by Zarathustra (fist theologian) where there is one supreme God, Ahura Mazda, and darkness and evil, Ahriman. The conflict at end of time will destroy evil

there was human free will, dead resurrection, and final judgement day

36
Q

What is Mithraism?

A

Junior and equal partner to Ahura who waged war against those who lied and held Ahura in contempt, gives material and spiritual blessing, source of harmony, conscience, honor, wisdom

37
Q

What was Roman Mithraism?

A

cult amongst soldiers meeting in caves ritualistically to worship Mithra killing cosmic bull; recruits subject to test

World History (5 decks)

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