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Psychiatry > Mental Health and Psychiatry > Flashcards

Mental Health and Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain for?

A

Organise sensory input
Makes sense of sensory and social info
Motivate survival
Maximise efficency

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2
Q

What is compulsion?

A

The experience of overwhelming urges to repeat a behaviour a behaviour even in the knowledge that it is harmful.

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3
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops, arsing from normally adaptive responses

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4
Q

How can pathological anxiety present?

A

Mild obsessive traits

Catastrophising

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5
Q

What are different components of anxiety?

A

State anxiety

Trait anxiety

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6
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

Adaptive modulations of automatic threat response
How we respond to various stressors
Affected by environment and genetics

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7
Q

What is state anxiety?

A 
Unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers
Attentional and cognitive bias
Rumination
Poor sleep
Avoidance
Perpetuation of conditioned fear
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8
Q

How may depression present?

A 
Low mood
Low energy 
Anhedonia
Social withdrawal isolation 
Poor sleep
Hopelessness
Suicidality
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9
Q

What can cause depression?

A 
Depressogenic factors
- Abuse
- Loss
- Bullying
- Chronic Illness
Prolonged stress
Low self-worth
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10
Q

How can these factors result in depression?

A

Recuperative response

Overwhelms homeostasis

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11
Q

What are NSSI’s?

A

Non-suicidal self injuries

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12
Q

How can someone self-harm?

A 
Burning
Skin-Picking
Pinching
ingesting objects
Cutting
Scratching
Hitting
Hair-pulling
Poisoning
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13
Q

Give some examples of distress reducing behaviour

A

Self-harm
Substance use
Disordered eating
Compulsive rituals

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14
Q

What does distress reducing behaviour result in?

A

Temporary relief
Resulting in negate reinforcement
Urge to repeat the behaviour
Overall state of distress

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15
Q

What are the stages of compulsion?

A

Action
Repetition
Habit formation
Compulsion

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16
Q

What is self-harm?

A

Occurs in the context of low self-worth and persistent distress
It serves various functions particularly the reduction of stress

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17
Q

What is addiction?

A

Repeated negative reinforcement in the context of persistence states of suffering/distress/tension

18
Q

How to addictions form?

A

Powerful unconscious component mediated by the substances’ direst action on neural circuits for motivation and reward-seeking

19
Q

What is central to the development of addictions?

A

Social context

20
Q

What is OCD characterised by?

A

Intrusive thoughts and images
Can be distressing and involuntary

Compulsive behaviours
These nerve to relieve sate of anxiety/tension

Negative reinforcement

21
Q

What are symptoms of eating disorders?

A

Increased restriction of diet
Purging
Episodes of laxative abuse
Excessive exercise

22
Q

How does an eating disorder develop?

A 
Low self-worth and anxiety
Projected onto body
Diet restriction
Safety, controls, achievement 
Weight loss
Eating=Failure
Starvation results in cognitive inflexibility
23
Q

How may a binge eating disorder develop?

A 
Feelings of failure 
Binge eating
Loss of control 
Intense distress
Purge
Temporary relief- negative reinforcement
24
Q

How can an over-eating disorder develop?

A

High calorie food
Neural rewards
Temporary relief

25
Q

What are the different types of ‘madness’?

A 
Psychosis
Delirium
Encephalopathy
Dementia
Personality disorders
26
Q

How may psychosis present?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorders

27
Q

What are auditory verbs hallucinations?

A

Thoughts/ internal monologues experienced as external

28
Q

What are delusions?

A

Fixed, false, unshakeable belief out of context with cultural background

29
Q

What is Perplexity?

A

Disruption of language/meaning
Aberrantly salient experiences
Overwhelmed by formless sense of something not being right

30
Q

What is disruption of the sense of self?

A

Your thoughts/experiences lose their ‘mine-ness’
Your internal world spills into external world
The ‘other’ intrudes into your internal world

31
Q

What is the role of dopamine?

A

Anticipated reward- directed attention
Reward prediction error signalling
Salience (attached importance to perceptions)

32
Q

What is working memory?

A

Preconscious working memory stores a large amount of data

Allows you to contextualise the present moment

33
Q

What are the main causes of psychosis?

A 
Genetic component
Development adversity/ abuse
Neurodevelopmental 
Life stressors
Relationship with recreational drugs
34
Q

What are the available treatments for psychosis?

A

Antipsychotics
Psychological therapies e.g. CBT
Social support

35
Q

What do antipsychotics do?

A

Dopamine blockading

36
Q

What are the neurological side effects of antipsychotics?

A

EPSE
Parkinsonism
Sedation
Dystonia

37
Q

What are the prolactin side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Amenorrhoea
Erectile dysfunction
Gynaecomastia

38
Q

What are the metabolic side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Diabetes

Weight gain

39
Q

What are the GI side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Increased appetite
Constipation
Hypersalivation

40
Q

What are the haematological side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Neutropenia

Agranulocytosis

41
Q

What are the cardiac side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Arrythmias
Tachycardia
Prolonged QTc

Psychiatry (2 decks)

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