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Psychology A Level AQA > Memory - Unit 2 - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Memory - Unit 2 - Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is coding in memory?

A

The process of converting information between different forms, depending on the memory store.

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2
Q

What did Alan Baddeley’s research involve?

A

He gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember.

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3
Q

What are the four groups in Baddeley’s study?

A

Group 1: acoustically similar words, Group 2: acoustically dissimilar words, Group 3: semantically similar words, Group 4: semantically dissimilar words.

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4
Q

What did participants do in Baddeley’s study?

A

They were shown original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.

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5
Q

What did Baddeley’s findings suggest about STM and LTM?

A

Information is coded acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM.

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6
Q

What is digit span?

A

The amount of information that short-term memory (STM) can hold at one time.

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7
Q

How did Joseph Jacobs measure digit span?

A

By reading out digits for participants to recall in the correct order until they could not.

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8
Q

What were Jacobs’ findings on digit span?

A

The mean span for digits was 9.3 items and for letters was 7.3.

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9
Q

What did George Miller propose about STM capacity?

A

That the span of STM is about 7 items, plus or minus 2.

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10
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping sets of digits or letters into units or chunks to aid recall.

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11
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson’s study investigate?

A

The duration of short-term memory (STM).

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12
Q

What was the method used by Peterson and Peterson?

A

Participants were given a consonant syllable to remember and counted backwards from a 3-digit number.

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13
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson find about STM duration?

A

Average recall after 3 seconds was about 80%, dropping to about 3% after 18 seconds.

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14
Q

What did Harry Bahrick et al. study?

A

The duration of long-term memory (LTM) using high school yearbooks.

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15
Q

What were Bahrick et al.’s findings on recall accuracy?

A

Participants tested within 15 years of graduation were about 90% accurate in photo recognition.

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16
Q

What is a strength of Baddeley’s study?

A

It identified a clear difference between two memory stores.

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17
Q

What is a limitation of Baddeley’s study?

A

It used artificial stimuli rather than meaningful material.

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18
Q

What is a strength of Jacobs’ study?

A

It has been replicated and confirmed by better controlled studies.

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19
Q

What is a limitation of Miller’s research?

A

He may have overestimated STM capacity.

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20
Q

What did Nelson Cowan conclude about STM capacity?

A

That the capacity of STM is only about 4 chunks, plus or minus 1.

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21
Q

What is a limitation of Peterson and Peterson’s study?

A

The stimulus material was artificial, lacking external validity.

22
Q

What is a strength of Bahrick et al.’s study?

A

It has high external validity as it investigated meaningful memories.

23
Q

What does the multi-store model (MSM) describe?

A

The MSM describes how information flows through the memory system, consisting of three stores linked by processing.

24
Q

What is the sensory register (SR)?

A

The SR is where all stimuli from the environment pass into, comprising several registers for each of our five senses.

25
Q

How is information coded in the sensory register?

A

Coding in each sensory store is modality-specific, such as iconic memory for visual information and echoic memory for sound.

26
Q

What is the duration and capacity of the sensory register?

A

The duration is very brief (less than half a second), but the capacity is very high, with over one hundred million cells in one eye.

27
Q

What happens to information in the sensory register?

A

Information passes further into the memory system only if attention is paid to it.

28
Q

What characterizes short-term memory (STM)?

A

STM is mainly coded acoustically, lasts about 18 seconds unless rehearsed, and has a limited capacity of 5 to 9 items.

29
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating material to keep it in short-term memory.

30
Q

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

A

LTM is a potentially permanent memory store for information that has been rehearsed for a prolonged time.

31
Q

How is information coded in long-term memory?

A

LTM is mostly coded semantically, meaning it is based on the meaning of the information.

32
Q

What is the duration and capacity of long-term memory?

A

The duration may be up to a lifetime, and the capacity is thought to be practically unlimited.

33
Q

What is the retrieval process in memory?

A

To recall information from LTM, it must be transferred back into STM.

34
Q

What research supports the MSM?

A

Studies show that STM and LTM are different, such as Baddeley’s findings on mixing up similar-sounding words in STM.

35
Q

What is a counterpoint to the MSM’s support?

A

Many supporting studies used meaningless materials like digits and consonant syllables, which may not reflect everyday memory use.

36
Q

What limitation does the MSM have regarding STM stores?

A

Evidence suggests there is more than one STM store, as shown in studies of patients like KF with memory disorders.

37
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Elaborative rehearsal links new information to existing knowledge, which is more important than the amount of rehearsal for LTM transfer.

38
Q

What is a limitation of the MSM regarding rehearsal?

A

The MSM suggests prolonged rehearsal is necessary for LTM transfer, but Craik and Watkins found that the type of rehearsal matters more.

39
Q

What is a critique of the MSM as a model?

A

The MSM is considered oversimplified as it does not account for multiple types of STM and LTM stores.

40
Q

Who proposed the three types of long-term memory?

A

Endel Tulving proposed the three types of long-term memory: episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory.

41
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events from our lives, similar to a diary of personal experiences.

Examples include memories of recent events like visiting the dentist or attending a gig.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of episodic memory?

A

Episodic memories are time-stamped, include multiple elements (people, places, objects), and require conscious effort to recall.

43
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory contains our shared knowledge of the world, akin to an encyclopaedia and dictionary.

44
Q

What are the characteristics of semantic memory?

A

Semantic memories are not time-stamped, less personal, and consist of facts that are constantly being added to.

45
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory is our memory for actions or skills, allowing us to perform tasks without conscious awareness.

46
Q

What is an example of procedural memory?

A

An example of procedural memory is driving a car, which becomes automatic through practice.

47
Q

What evidence supports Tulving’s theory of different memory stores?

A

Clinical evidence from case studies of HM and Clive Wearing shows that while episodic memory was impaired, semantic and procedural memories remained intact.

48
Q

What is a limitation of clinical studies on memory?

A

Clinical studies lack control of variables, making it difficult to assess the extent of memory impairment after brain injuries.

49
Q

What conflicting evidence exists regarding the brain areas for memory types?

A

Conflicting research findings suggest different locations for semantic and episodic memory in the brain, challenging neurophysiological evidence.

50
Q

How can understanding types of LTM help in real-world applications?

A

Understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to develop specific treatments for memory problems, such as interventions for improving episodic memory in older adults.

51
Q

What recent view has Tulving taken regarding episodic and semantic memory?

A

Tulving proposed that episodic memory is a specialized subcategory of semantic memory, suggesting they may be the same store.

52
Q

What did Hodges and Patterson find regarding Alzheimer’s patients?

A

They found that some Alzheimer’s patients could form new episodic memories while having impaired semantic memories.

Psychology A Level AQA (3 decks)

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