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Biology > Meiosis And Mitosis Exam > Flashcards

Meiosis And Mitosis Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biology the study of?

A

Life

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2
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A variable that isn’t changed by other variables

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

A variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

any class composed of very large molecules called macromolecules

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

Reproduction,heredity,cell organization,growth,development,response to stimuli, evolution
, homeostasis,metabolism

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process by which a living organism can maintain internal balance while adjusting to changing external conditions

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8
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that help speed up the metabolism

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory

A

1-All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2-a cell is the basic structural unit of living organisms
3-all cells arise from pre existing cells

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10
Q

What’s the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

A structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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12
Q

Nucleus?

A

Holds all the genetic information as the cells control center

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13
Q

Mitochondria?

A

Organize cellular energy production

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14
Q

Lysosomes?

A

Break down excess or worn out cell parts

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15
Q

Chloroplast?

A

Produce energy through photosynthesis

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Collect amino acids to create particular proteins

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17
Q

Vesicles?

A

Help transport materials than an organism needs to survive and recycle

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Proteins received are transported to lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secretion

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Produce proteins for the rest of the cells go function

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20
Q

Cell membrane?

A

A barrier that keeps the unwanted substance out

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structural strength and support

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22
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer made out of?

A

2 layers of phospholipids
Hydrophilic(heads) and hydrophobic(tails)

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23
Q

What structure in the phospholipid bilayer is responsible for fluidity of the membrane?

A

Cholesterol molecules

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24
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

Some substances are able to pass through the membrane and some are not

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25
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the cell membrane?

A

Transport nutrients into the cell and transport toxic substances out of the cell

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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from high to low

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27
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The concentration of something changes from one place to another

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28
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

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29
Q

Hypotonic?

A

Goes from a higher solute concentration to lower

30
Q

Isotonic?

A

No net water movement either way

31
Q

High solute
Low water

A

Goes from higher water concentration to lower

32
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The passive movement of molecules a long the concentration gradient

33
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

A

Molecules defuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins such as channels and carriers

34
Q

What occurs during each step of the cell cycle?

A

The cell increases in size(G1)
Copies it’s DNA(S)
Prepares to divide(G2)
Divides(M)

35
Q

What type of check occurs during the g1 and g2 stages before the cell can move onto the next step?

A

Metaphase-Anaphase transition
Spindle checkpoint

36
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

Provide new cells for growth and replacement of worn out cells

37
Q

What do you end up with at the end of mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

38
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and chromatin

A

Chromatin-DNA and protein that make up chromosome
Chromosome-separate pieces of DNA in a cell

39
Q

What occurs during interphase

A

The cell grows,replicates it’s DNA and prepares for mitosis

40
Q

What occurs during prophase

A

The chromosomes condense and Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the spindle

41
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

The nucleus dissolves and the cells chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

42
Q

What occurs during anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

43
Q

What occurs during telophase

A

The sister chromatids return with in new nuclear envelopes

44
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis

A

Divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into 2 daughter cells

45
Q

What is cancer

A

A group of diseases In which cells continuously divide

46
Q

Why does cancer occur

A

Mutations in gametes accelerate cell division rates or restrain normal controls of the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death

47
Q

How are somatic cells different from Gametes

A

Somatic-body cells with a full set of chromosomes
Gametes-sex cells with half the chromosomes number for sexual reproduction

48
Q

Haploid cells?

A

Half the number of chromosomes than diploid

49
Q

Diploid cells?

A

Complete set of chromosomes

50
Q

What genetic material does an organism receive from their mother?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

51
Q

What genetic material does an organism receive from their father?

A

Nuclear DNA

52
Q

What occurs during fertilization?

A

Forms a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes

53
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis

A

To produce haploid cells such as gametes for sexual reproduction

54
Q

What happens in prophase 2

A

Chromosomes condense again in haploid cells

55
Q

What happens in metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes align at the cells equator in haploid cells

56
Q

What happens in anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate move to opposite poles

57
Q

What happens in telophase 2

A

Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes form,cells undergo cytokinesis completing the process

58
Q

What is homologous chromosomes

A

Carry similar genetic information

59
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

Cells that determine an individuals sex and inheritance of traits

60
Q

When do homologous chromosomes separate

A

Anaphase 1

61
Q

When do sister chromatids separate

A

Anaphase 2

62
Q

What is a karyotype

A

organism’s chromosome management

63
Q

How can karyotypes be used to study human chromosomes

A

Analyze chromosomes for genetic disorders

64
Q

What is the correct order for organism,tissue,cells,organ,organ system

A

Cell,tissue,organ,organ system,organism

65
Q

Where in the cell is DNA found in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

66
Q

Do all cell types keep their dna in the same place

A

No, varied cell types such as red blood cells,organelles,DNA

67
Q

What is a gamete

A

A reproductive cell

68
Q

What is a somatic cell

A

A body cell

69
Q

What is a zygote

A

A fertilized egg formed by sperm egg fusion

70
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell end up with after meiosis

A

23(haploid)

71
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell end up with after meiosis

A

The same chromosome number as parents

Biology (1 decks)

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