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Medicine through time Flashcards

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1
Q

Trephinning is

A

Trephinning is removing a portion of a person’s skull

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2
Q

What was a shaman?

A

a kind of prehistoric priest

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3
Q

How many channels did ancient Egyptians think there were to the ears?

A

The ancient egyptians thought there were 4 channels to the ear.

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4
Q

Ancient Egyptians were good at?

A

first-aid

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5
Q

What did ancient Egyptians use that had antiseptic properties?

A

willow leaves which had antiseptic qualities.

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6
Q

Where did an ancient Egyptian sleep

A

under a mosquito net

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7
Q

How did an ancient Egyptian stay healthy

A

by wearing a fish tail.

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8
Q

Who was the ancient Egyptian god of healing?

A

Imhotep was the ancient Egyptian god of healing.

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9
Q

What were the ‘four humours’?

A

blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

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10
Q

What did the ancient Greeks use to clean their teeth?

A

peppermint powder

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11
Q

What did ancient Greeks think would not be a good way to stay healthy in summer?

A

The ancient Greeks did not think eating heavy foods such as wheat bread and roast meat would be a good way to stay healthy in summer.

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12
Q

Where would you find a stadium in ancient Greece?

A

in an asklepion

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13
Q

Who was the most famous ancient Greek doctor?

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

Which property of the human body did Galen understand?

A

Galen understood the way that the nervous system uses the spinal cord.

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15
Q

Where, according to Galen, was blood created?

A

According to Galen, blood was created in the liver.

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16
Q

Who thought that poisonous vapours were the cause of disease?

A

Columella thought that poisonous vapours were the cause of disease

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17
Q

Who thought that invisible creatures were the cause of disease?

A

Varro thought that invisible creatures were the cause of disease.

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18
Q

Who thought the ‘four humours’ were the cause of disease?

A

Galen thought the ‘four humours’ were the cause of disease.

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19
Q

Where did the doctors of ancient Rome get most of their surgical knowledge?

A

The doctors of ancient Rome got most of their surgical knowledge in gladiators’ schools

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20
Q

Where would you find a goitre?

A

You would find a goitre on a person’s neck

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21
Q

Surgery in ancient Rome was successful as long as it was…

A

Surgery in ancient Rome was successful as long as it was external

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22
Q

Which modern midwifery operation did the ancient Romans develop?

A

the Caesarean

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23
Q

Who complained that ancient Roman doctors argued about the treatments they gave their patients?

A

Pliny

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24
Q

How did Galen cure a fever?

A

With a cucumber

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25
Q

What did ancient Romans take over from the Greeks, in their search for help with incurable diseases?

A

asclepeia

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26
Q

Where would you not find a Roman army camp?

A

Next to marshes

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27
Q

What did Frontinus, Rome’s water commissioner, say about the air of Rome?

A

it was healthy

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28
Q

How many million gallons of clean water did the aqueducts of ancient Rome deliver every day?

A

Ancient Rome delivered 222 aqueducts of clean water every day.

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29
Q

Who monitored cleanliness and behaviour in the ancient Roman baths?

A

Aediles monitored cleanliness and behaviour in the ancient Roman baths.

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30
Q

Where did ancient Romans end up, in the process of taking a bath?

A

In the process of taking a bath, ancient Romans ended up in the frigidarium.

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31
Q

How many people could use a public latrine at any one time?

A

60 people could use a public latrine at any one time.

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32
Q

Rome had seven main…

A

Rome had seven main sewers.

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33
Q

Where would an ancient Roman find a medicus?

A

in the Roman army

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34
Q

Complete this famous quote by Pliny: ‘Medicine changes every day, and…’

A

‘Medicine changes every day, and we are swept along on the puffs of the clever brains of the Greeks.’

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35
Q

Whose ideas had the Church’s seal of approval?

A

Galen’s

36
Q

Which Muslim doctor significantly affected the ideas of Medieval doctors in western Europe?

A

Avicenna

37
Q

What stimulated Medieval developments in surgery?

A

War

38
Q

What did Medieval doctors use as an antiseptic?

A

Medieval doctors used wine as an antiseptic

39
Q

How might a Medieval surgeon attempt to cure epilepsy?

A

A Medieval surgeon might attempt to cure epilepsy by trephinning.

40
Q

Who realised the importance of a good diet?

A

Guy de Chauliac

41
Q

The people of which city first realised that sexually transmitted diseases were infectious?

A

The people of Venice first realised that sexually transmitted diseases were infectious.

42
Q

What is a lazar house a good example of?

A

A lazar house is a good example of Medieval quarantine regulations.

43
Q

In Medieval times medical standards and good practices were maintained only by…

A

In Medieval times medical standards and good practices were maintained only by Muslim doctors.

44
Q

Complete this famous quote: ‘Remember what it says on the gravestones…

A

‘Remember what it says on the gravestones I died of too many doctors.’

45
Q

Where did both Vesalius and Harvey do their medical training?

A

Padua

46
Q

What made ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ such a world-changing book?

A

The annotated illustrations in ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ were what made it such a world-changing book.

47
Q

What made ‘Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood’ (1628) such a world-changing book?

A

The scientific method in ‘Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood’ made it such a world-changing book.

48
Q

What was Paré?

A

a surgeon

49
Q

Paré’s discovery that a poultice of yolk and rose oil was a better treatment for amputees than cautery was a practical example of…

A

Paré’s discovery that a poultice of yolk and rose oil was a better treatment for amputees than cautery was a practical example of a scientific experiment.

50
Q

When was the Great Plague in London?

A

1665

51
Q

What did Early Modern towns not have? (public health)

A

sewers

52
Q

What eventually stopped the plague in 1665?

A

the onset of winter

53
Q

Who would you go to if you could not afford medical treatment in Early Modern times?

A

You would go to a wise woman if you could not afford medical treatment in Early Modern times.

54
Q

If you paid for medical treatment in Early Modern times, who cost the most?

A

If you paid for medical treatment in Early Modern times, a physician would cost the most.

55
Q

Vesalius, Paré and Harvey are said to have ‘disseminated’ their findings - what does ‘to disseminate’ mean?

A

Disseminate means to spread.

56
Q

What did Paré do/ achieve?

A

In 1536 he discovered by chance (when the cautery oil he used to cauterise the wounds of his patients ran out) that wounds healed better if they were treated with a ‘soothing digestive’ (boiled poultice) of yolks and rose oil.
He used catgut ligatures to tie arteries during amputations instead of cauterising the wound.
In 1575 he published his ‘Apology and Treatise’, which advocated changes to the way surgeons treated wounds and amputations.

57
Q

What did Vesalius do?

A

Galen had evidently reasoned out analogies related to human anatomy after studying pigs and apes. Vesalius knew that it was absolutely essential to analyze real corpses to study the human body.

Vesalius resurrected the use of human dissection, regardless of the strict ban by the Catholic Church. He soon began to realize that Galen’s work was an evalution of the dissection of animals, not human beings. Vesalius once demonstrated that men and women have the same number of ribs, contrary to the biblical story of Adam and Eve which tells that Eve was brought into existence from one of Adam’s ribs, and that men had one less rib as compared to women. Vesalius proved that belief wrong.

58
Q

What did William Harvey do/ achieve?

A

He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, though earlier writers, such as Jacques Dubois, had provided precursors of the theory.

59
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

On may 14 1796, he discovered the vaccine for smallpox.

60
Q

Who exploited a bullet-hole to learn about the digestive system?

A

William Beaumont

61
Q

What did Starling and Bayliss discover in 1902?

A

Starling and Bayliss discovered Secretin (the first hormone) in 1902

62
Q

What was ‘spontaneous generation’?

A

‘Spontaneous generation’ was the theory that disease causes bacteria to grow.

63
Q

What utensil or instrument did Pasteur use to prove his ‘germ theory’?

A

Pasteur used a swan-necked flask to prove his ‘germ theory’.

64
Q

Robert Koch developed the discipline of…

A

Robert Koch developed the discipline of bacteriology.

65
Q

What is the name for the set of rules Koch developed to confirm how researchers could discover a disease?

A

Koch’s Postulates

66
Q

Who invented the first machine to measure the pulse?

A

Carl Ludwig - the kymograph (1847)

67
Q

Who performed the first ovariotomy?

A

Dr Thomas McDowell

68
Q

Who was the first surgeon to use ether in an operation (removal of a neck tumour)?

A

Crawford W Long (1842)

69
Q

Who discovered the local anaesthetic cocaine?

A

Carl Koller discovered the local anaesthetic cocaine.

70
Q

Who used a calcium chloride solution to reduce deaths on hospital wards?

A

Ignaz Semmelweiss (1847)

71
Q

What is ‘aseptic’ surgery

A

‘Aseptic’ surgery involves making sure there are no germs present before surgery starts.

72
Q

What did Karl Landsteiner discover in 1901?

A

blood groups A and O

73
Q

Who popularised anaesthesia?

A

Queen Victoria

74
Q

Which war made Florence Nightingale famous and led to the development of nursing?

A

Crimean War

75
Q

Why did Edwin Chadwick want to invest in public health facilities?

A

Edwin Chadwick wanted to invest in public health facilities to save money.

76
Q

What persuaded the British government of the 19th century that it had to do something about public health?

A

The cholera epidemic of 1848 persuaded the British government, of the 19th century, that it had to do something about public health.

77
Q

The first Public Health Act set up a Board of Health and…

A

gave towns the right to appoint a Medical Officer of Health

78
Q

Why is 1853 an important date in the history of smallpox?

A

1853 is an important date in the history of smallpox because vaccination was made compulsory.

79
Q

What did the Public Health Act of 1875 bring in?

A

The Public Health Act of 1875 brought in sewers, clean water and slum clearance.

80
Q

Which war revealed that half the male population of Britain was unfit for military service?

A

Boer War

81
Q

On what date did the British government introduce old age pensions?

A

1908

82
Q

What did the National Insurance Act of 1911 provide?

A

The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided free medical treatment for workers who fell ill.

83
Q

Who wrote the first book on medical ethics, in 1803?

A

Thomas Percival

84
Q

Who in 1921 discovered insulin, the miracle substance that alleviates diabetes?

A

Banting and Best discovered insulin, the miracle substance that alleviates diabetes.

85
Q

What did Crick and Watson discover in 1953?

A

DNA

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