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Principles Of Biomedical Sciences > Medcial Microbiology-Bacteria > Flashcards

Medcial Microbiology-Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiotic relations with humans

A

Commensalism- only bacteria benefit, human host not harmed
Mutualistic- Both bacteria and host benefit
Parasitic- only bacteria benefit, host is harmed

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2
Q

Morphology

A

A way to identify bacteria by analysing its size, shape and spatial arrangement with a microscope

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3
Q

Bacteria structure

A

Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule layer

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Genetic material of cell
Made of DNA

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5
Q

Plasmid

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA, often carrying beneficial genes (antibiotic resistance)

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis
Made of RNA and proteins

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7
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Regulates what enters and exist the cell, involved in energy production, made of phospholipid and protein

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides shape, structure and protection
Made of peptidoglycan

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9
Q

Capsule

A

Attachment to surfaces
Evade immune system and phagocytosis, protect against desiccation
Made of polysaccharide

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10
Q

Flagella

A

Gives Swimming movement to bacteria
Made of protein

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11
Q

Types of bacterial pathogens

A

Obligate- can only grows and reproduce in the host
Facultative- cause disease but can grow and reproduced outside of the host
Opportunistic- can only cause infection only when host immunity is compromised

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12
Q

Virulence factors help bacteria to

A

Invade the host
Cause disease
Evade host defences

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13
Q

Stages of bacterial pathogensis (infection)

A

Enter the body
Adhesion
Invasion
Evasion
Transmission

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14
Q

Types of entry

A

Mouth
Nose
Ear
Skin
Bloodstream
Scratches and abrasion
Insect bites
Direct penetration
Eyes
Contaminated syringe
Urinary reproductive and anal passages
Animal bites

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15
Q

Adhesion

A

Bacteria attach to host cell to colonise

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16
Q

Modes of bacterial transmission

A

Coughing sneezing
Insect bites
Skin cells and open lesions
Removal of blood
Urine
Faeces
Food

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17
Q

Sources of bacterial infections

A

Environmental
Human - direct or indirect contact
Animals- insect vectors, bites
Hospital

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18
Q

Anton van leeuwenhoek

A

First microbiologist and microscopist
Made by single lens microscope to view microbes in pond water

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19
Q

Koch’ a postulate

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms
  2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
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20
Q

Penicillin

A

Broad range antibiotic
Shape- streptococcus, staphylococcus

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21
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming in 1929

22
Q

Who purified penicillin

A

Howard Florey in 1938

23
Q

Types of bacteria shapes

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillium/spirochete
Vibrios

24
Q

Sex pilus

A

Stabilises mating bacteria during DNA transfer by conjugation
Made by protein

25
Q

Pili or frimbriae

A

Attachment to surfaces
Provides protection against phagocytosis
Made of protein

26
Q

Gram positive bacteria structure

A

Ribosomes
Surface proteins
Flagellum
Cytoplasmic membrane
Inclusion body
Capsule
peptidoglycan layer
Mesosome
Chromosome

27
Q

Gram negative bacteria structure

A

Ribosomes
flagellum
Periplasmic space
Porin proteins
Peptidoglycan layer
Inclusion body
Cytoplasmic membrane
Capsule
Outer membrane
Pili
Chromosome

28
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

Inner cell membrane surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan layer

29
Q

Gram negative cell wall

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer between an inner and outer cell membrane

30
Q

Gram staining

A
  1. Crystal violet (purple dye)
  2. Iodine (mordant)
  3. Alcohol (decolouriser)
  4. Safranin (counterstain)
31
Q

Bacterial classification

A

Shape
Gram reaction
Atmosphere
Spore formation
serological reactions
Genetics
Key enzymes

32
Q

What type of atmospheres are there for bacteria?

A

Obligate aerobes
Microaerophiles
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Capnophiles

33
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen

34
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require reduced oxygen

35
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Require no oxygen

36
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can be aerobic and anaerobic

37
Q

Capnophiles

A

Reunite increased CO2

38
Q

Gram positive staining

A

Stains purple

39
Q

Gram negative staining

A

Remains pink/red

40
Q

Serological reactions

A

Interaction of antibodies help distinguish subtypes of salmonellae, haemophilus and meningococcus

41
Q

Lysozyme in tears

A

Kills gram-positive bacteria

42
Q

Mucus and cilia

A

Capture organisms and remove them

43
Q

Skin

A

Physical barrier

44
Q

Stomach acid

A

Kills ingested pathogens

45
Q

Fatty acids

A

Inhibit growth of many bacteria

46
Q

Flushing action of urinary flow

A

Removes organisms

47
Q

Low vaginal pH from lactobacilli

A

Prevents colonisation of pathogens

48
Q

What are the normal flora in the nasopharynx?

A

Streptococci
Haemophilus
Neisseria
Mixed anaerobes
Candida
Actinomyces

49
Q

What are the normal flora in skin?

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Corynebacteria
Proprionibacteria
Yeasts

50
Q

What are the normal flora in the upper bowel?

A

Enterobacteriaceae
Enterococci
Candida

51
Q

What are the normal flora in the lower bowel?

A

Bacteroides
Bifidobacteria
Clostridium
Peptostreptococci

52
Q

What are the normal flora in the vagina?

A

Lactobacilli
Streptococci
Corynebacteria
Candida
Actinomyces
Mycoplasma hominis

Principles Of Biomedical Sciences (4 decks)

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