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Med Terms > Med terms for H and P final > Flashcards

Med terms for H and P final Flashcards

1
Q

Myo-

A

muscle

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2
Q

-card-

A

heart

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3
Q

-itis

A

inflammation (tonsilitis, appendicitis)

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4
Q

myocarditis

A

muscle layer of heart inflammed

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5
Q

pericarditis

A

outer layer of heart inflammed

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6
Q

endocarditis

A

inner layer of heart inflammed

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7
Q

cardiologist

A

a physician specializing in the heart

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8
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

damage to heart muscle layers

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9
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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10
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition (cyanosis - abnormal condition of blueness due to cold or low oxygen)

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11
Q

-ectomy

A

to cut out or remove (appendectomy, tonsillectomy)

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12
Q

-otomy

A

to cut into (tracheotomy - to cut into the windpipe, temporary opening)

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13
Q

-ostomy

A

to make a mouth (colostomy - to make a permanent opening in the colon)

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14
Q

a/an

A

without, none (anemia - “no blood”, but really few red cells)

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15
Q

micro

A

small (microstomia - abnormally small mouth)

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16
Q

macro

A

macrostomia (abnormally large mouth)

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17
Q

mega/-megaly

A

enlarged (megacolon - abnormally large colon)

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18
Q

scopy/-scopic

A

to look, observe (colonscopy - look into colon)

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19
Q

-graphy/-graph

A

recording an image (mammography - imaging the breast)

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20
Q

-gram

A

the image (x-ray, mammogram)

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21
Q

-ology/-ologist

A

study, specialize in (cardiologist, nephrologist)

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22
Q

Stomato

A

mouth (stomatitis)

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23
Q

Dento

A

teeth (dentist)

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24
Q

Glosso/linquo

A

tongue (glossitis, lingual nerve)

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25
Q

Gingivo

A

gums (gingivitis)

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26
Q

encephalo

A

brain (encephalitis)

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27
Q

Gastro

A

stomach (gastritis)

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28
Q

Entero

A

intestine (gastroenteritis)

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29
Q

Colo

A

large intestine (colitis, megacolon)

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30
Q

Procto

A

anus/rectum (proctitis, proctologist)

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31
Q

Hepato

A

liver (hepatitis, hepatomegaly)

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32
Q

Nephro/rene

A

Kidney (nephrosis, renal artery)

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33
Q

Orchido

A

Testis (orchiditis, orchidectomy)

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34
Q

Oophoro

A

ovary (oophorectomy)

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35
Q

Hystero/metro

A

uterus (hysterectomy)

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36
Q

Salpingo

A

uterine tubes (hysterosalpingogram)

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37
Q

Dermo

A

skin (dermatitis)

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38
Q

Masto/mammo

A

breast (mammography, mastectomy)

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39
Q

Osteo

A

bones (osteoporosis)

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40
Q

Cardio

A

heart (electrocardiogram - ECG)

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41
Q

Cysto

A

bladder (cystitis)

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42
Q

Rhino

A

nose (rhinitis)

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43
Q

Phlebo/veno

A

veins (phlebitis, phlebotomy)

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44
Q

Pneumo/pulmo

A

Lung (pneumonitis, pulmonologist)

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45
Q

Hemo/emia

A

blood (hematologist, anemia)

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46
Q

nephr/o, ren/o

A

kidney

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47
Q

hydro/o

A

water

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48
Q

hydronephrosis

A

abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney

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49
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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50
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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51
Q

cystectomy

A

removal of the bladder

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52
Q

pyel/o

A

Renal collecting ducts

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53
Q

Pyelogram

A

X-ray of the collecting ducts

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54
Q

Ur/o, -uria

A

urine

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55
Q

Polyuria

A

frequent urination

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56
Q

anuria

A

no urine formation

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57
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, less than normal

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58
Q

Oliguria

A

reduced urine formation

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59
Q

-pexy

A

To surgically reattach, fix in normal position

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60
Q

Nephropexy

A

surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position

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61
Q

nephrosis

A

a noninflammatory disease of kidneys

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62
Q

nephrolith

A

a kidney stone

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63
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.

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64
Q

Leuko

A

white (leukemia - overabundance of white blood cells)

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65
Q

Melan/o

A

black (melanoma - black tumor of the skin)

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66
Q

Cyan/o

A

blue (cyanosis - blueness may e due to cold or not enough oxygen in blood)

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67
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow (xanthoma - yellow tumor)

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68
Q

Aden/o

A

gland (adenoma)

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69
Q

Lip/o

A

fat (lipoma)

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70
Q

my/o

A

muscle (myoma)

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71
Q

Lymph/o

A

lymph tissue (lymphoma)

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72
Q

Carcin/o

A

malignant (carcinoma)

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73
Q

Osteo

A

bone (osteoma)

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74
Q

Endo

A

within, inside of (endoscopy - to inspect the inside of an organ or space with a lighted instrument)

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75
Q

Peri

A

around (perianal - around the anus)

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76
Q

Circum

A

around (circumcise - cut around)

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77
Q

Retro

A

behind (retrosternal - behind the breastbone)

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78
Q

Epi

A

upon, on top (epidermis - the top or outermost layer of skin)

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79
Q

trans

A

through (transurethral - through the urinary exit duct)

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80
Q

Intra

A

within (intravenous - inside the veins, IV fluids)

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81
Q

Sub

A

below (subclavian - below the clavicle)

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82
Q

cardi/o

A

heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)

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83
Q

brady

A

slow (bradycardia - rate is less than 60)

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84
Q

Tachy

A

fast (tachycardia - rate is greater than 100)

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85
Q

Angi/o

A

vessel (angiography, angiogram)

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86
Q

veno/phlebo

A

vein (venogram - xray of veins. phlebitis - inflammation of veins)

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87
Q

-stasis

A

to stop (hemostasis - to stop bleeding)

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88
Q

-cyte

A

cell (erythrocytes, leukocytes)

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89
Q

Hem/o, -emia

A

blood (hypoxemia - low oxygen. hematoxalpinx - blood in the uterine tube)

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90
Q

Artherosclerosis

A

“hardening of the fatty stuff” - high fat diets can lead to formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels. These fatty areas can become calcified and hard leading to arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries

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91
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

An infarction is blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. Layman’s language for this is a “heart attack.”
The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart muscle itself, a coronary artery.
Depending upon how much tissue dies, a victim of an MI may survive and undergo cardiac rehabilitation, strengthening the remaining heart muscle, or may die if too much muscle tissue is destroyed.

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92
Q

Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation-

A

Blood flows through four chambers in the heart separated by one-way valves. A major valve is the one separating the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart.
The left side is especially important because freshly oxygenated blood returning from the lungs is circulated out of the heart to the rest of the body.
The left valve, called atrioventricular, for the chambers it separates, is also called the mitral valve, because it is shaped like an upside down Bishop’s hat, a miter. If the flaps of this valve tear away due to disease, the process is called prolapse, “a falling forward.”
This results in leakage and backward flow called “regurgitation” (get the picture?). Sometimes a valve is abnormally narrow causing partial obstruction constricting flow. Stenosis means “a narrowing.”

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93
Q

Angina pectoris-

A

Literally, “pain in the chest.”
But, this is a special kind of pain associated with the heart and is distinctive as “crushing, vise-like”, and often accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue and nausea.
Anginal pain indicates not enough blood is getting to the heart muscle, and the heart is protesting and begging for more.
People with a history of angina often take nitroglycerine tablets to relieve the pain by increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.

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94
Q

Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia-

A

Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special names like ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, but generically are termed arrhythmias or dysrhythmia, meaning “no rhythm” and “abnormal rhythm.”
There are fine distinctions between the two, but they are often used interchangeably.

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95
Q

Ischemia

A

Sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate, and oxygen demand.
The term loosely means “not quite enough blood.” Typically, the patient suffers angina pain (see above) and they may think they are having a heart attack. And, they may be!

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96
Q

Cardiologist

A

a physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, especially, the heart. However, after diagnosis, he/she may refer to a cardiovascular surgeon. A cardiologist does not do surgery.

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97
Q

Hematologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the blood.

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98
Q

nocturia

A

frequently getting up and urinating during the night.

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99
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”

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100
Q

nephrologist

A

a physician specializing in kidney diseases

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101
Q

Urologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the lower urinary tract, that is, the bladder and urethra.

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102
Q

urology

A

profession that takes care of problems of the male reproductive system, sort of the male equivalent of a gynecologist

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103
Q

Cystoscopy

A

looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument.

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104
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys.
A dye opaque to X-rays is injected into a vein. After a waiting period for the blood and dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be taken of the collecting system of the kidney, ureter and bladder.

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105
Q

Retrograde pyelogram

A

In this procedure a dye opaque to X-rays is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters to the kidneys.

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106
Q

Voiding cystourethrogram

A

take this apart starting at the end of the word: an imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating!
How did the opaque dye get into the bladder?
One guess then see retrograde pyelogram above

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107
Q

Dialysis

A

a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery.
With the in-hospital procedure, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that removes waste products. The blood is recirculated back into the patient.

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108
Q

Electrocardiogram(ECG/EKG)

A

– a printout recording of the electrical activity of the heart. A frequently used instrument in the hands of a cardiologist.

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109
Q

Echocardiography

A

using ultra high frequency sound waves (beyond human hearing), similar to “sonar,” to form an image of the inside of the heart. This procedure can demonstrate valve damage, congenital (before birth) defects and other abnormalities.

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110
Q

Lith/o

A

stone (cholelithotomy - removal of gall stones)

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111
Q

Phlebotomist/venipuncturist

A

the specially trained nurse or technician draws blood for lab tests and may also start IV’s (intravenous fluids). The Greek and Latin versions of “cutting into a vein.”

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112
Q

Cephal/o

A

head (cephalgia - a headache)

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113
Q

Encephal/o

A

Inside the head/brain (encephalitis - inflammation of the brain. Anencephalic - born without a brain)

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114
Q

Mening/o

A

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis - inflammation of the membranes)

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115
Q

Myel/o

A

spinal cord (myelogram - xray of the spinal cord)

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116
Q

Neur/o

A

nerve (neuroma - tumor. neuritis - inflammation)

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117
Q

Dys

A

difficult, painful, abnormal (dyslexia - difficulty reading)

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118
Q

-cele

A

hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position (meningomyelocele - protrusion of membranes and spinal cord)

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119
Q

-pathy

A

disease, abnormality (encephalopathy - disease of the brain. Neuropathy - disease of the nerves)

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120
Q

-plasia

A

development, formation, growth (aplasa - no development. Hyperplasia - over development)

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121
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis (hemiplegia - paralysis of one side of the body. Quadriplegia - paralysis of all four limbs)

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122
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Literally, “many hardenings,”
MS is a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
The loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impulses. Depending upon where the degeneration occurs, patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.

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123
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A
  • the fancy name for a “stroke”. A blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in a brain blood vessel (a thrombus), or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.
124
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

“Ischemia” was introduced previously in the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. It literally means “not quite enough blood”. A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss of vision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours. People who get TIA’s are at increased risk of having a stroke in the future.

125
Q

Epilepsy

A

a Greek word for “seizure.” Convulsions is another term used. Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. The condition may be controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.

126
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of speech.
The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain in a majority of people. If someone suffers a “stroke” (cerebrovascular accident-CVA), or traumatic brain injury, and it involves the left side of the brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with difficulty, or complete loss of speech. Actually, there are two speech centers. Injury described above involves the motor speech area, the area of the brain that produces language by integrating thoughts of speech with the movements of the larynx, lips and tongue. There is a second speech area, the receptive or sensory area, that enables us to understand speech. Injury to the latter results in still fluent speech, but the individual does not understand what they are hearing.

127
Q

Neurologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
He/she may refer a patient to a neurosurgeon.
Neurologists do not do surgery.

128
Q

Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap (LP)

A

introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column allows a physician to sample the fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Lab tests on the fluid are used for diagnostic purposes such as presence of bacteria in meningitis, special proteins in multiple sclerosis, or blood cells.

129
Q

Brain scan

A

introducing a radioactive element into the blood can image possible tumors in the brain.
The radioactive dose is very low and detectable only with special, very sensitive instruments that are much more sophisticated than the old Geiger counters.

130
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

take it apart.
Starting at the end of the word: an image (in this case a written recording) of the brain’s electrical activity.
EEGs are used to diagnose different types of seizure disorders such as epilepsy, brain tumors, and are used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep.

131
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

a specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images of a body area from different angles and has a computer that integrates the multiple images into “slices” of the body. The resolution is much better than standard X-rays, lower X-ray doses are used, and there is better differentiation of types of tissue (bone, air, solid organ).

132
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Although the image produces the “slices” through the body seen by CT (see above), no X-rays are involved. The patient’s body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Radio pulses affect the resonance or “spin” of atoms in the tissues. A computer analyzes this information to show subtle differences in tissue molecular structure producing very high resolution and better differentiation of soft tissue, such as a tumor within the liver.

133
Q

Gastr/o

A

stomach (gastritis, gastrectomy)

134
Q

Hepat/o

A

liver (hepatitis, hepatoma)

135
Q

Chol/e

A

Gall, bile (cholecystitis, cholecystectomy - inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)

136
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder, sac

137
Q

Emes/o

A

Vomit (emesis - vomiting. emetic - stimulate vomiting. antiemetic - stop vomiting.)

138
Q

Lith/o

A

stone (cholelithotomy - removal of gall stones)

139
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Crushing kidney stones with sound waves

140
Q

Orchid/o, test/o

A

Testes (male gonad)

141
Q

Orchiditis,

A

inflammation of the testes

142
Q

orchidectomy,

A

removal of the testes

143
Q

Andr/o

A

male

144
Q

Androgenic

A

stimulating maleness

145
Q

androgynous

A

characteristics of male and female appearance

146
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate

147
Q

prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

148
Q

prostatectomy

A

removal of the prostate

149
Q

vas/o

A

vessel, duct

150
Q

Vas deferens,

A

duct carrying semen from testes

151
Q

vasectomy

A

cutting the duct

152
Q

-rrhaphy

A

to suture

153
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdominal wall (laparotomy - cutting into the abdomen)

154
Q

-centesis

A

to puncture (abdominocentesis - puncturing and draining)

155
Q

-tripsy

A

to crush (cholelithotripsy - smashing gall stones with sound waves)

156
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge (diarrhea, rhinorrhea)

157
Q

-iasis (-osis)

A

abnormal condition (cholelithiasis - presence of gall stones causing symptoms)

158
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Severe “heartburn” in laymen’s language.
Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux (regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining.
This results in chest pain which can mimic that of angina (pain of cardiac ischemia or an MI).

159
Q

Jaundice

A

Literally means “yellow” in French.
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues.
May result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs is broken down, and in part, ends up in bile secretions.

160
Q

Diverticulosis/diverticulitis

A

Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis.
These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.

161
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Literally, “orange-yellow” in Greek.
A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes.
The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ.

162
Q

Portal hypertension

A

A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver.
The rising blood pressure in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around the umbilicus (navel).
The characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a “caput medusae” (head of Medusa). Medusa was the “snake-haired lady” in Greek mythology.

163
Q

Esophageal varices

A

bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism (see portal hypertension).
The thin-walled, swollen veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding.

164
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD (see above), esophageal tumor or other causes.

165
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel.
Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea.
There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia.
Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn’s from other diseases with similar symptoms.

166
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Before antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst.
Indications of peritonitis are called “peritoneal signs”:
tender abdomen,
rebound pain (pain when manual pressure released from examining abdomen),
board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles,
no bowel sounds (gurgles).
The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign substances. Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs.

167
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines.
These specialists do not do surgery.
Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.

168
Q

Proctologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus. Proctology is a surgical subspecialty.

169
Q

Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult)

A

a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool (feces).
Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids.

170
Q

Upper GI series

A

a series of X-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small intestines having the patient swallow a “milkshake” of barium.
The element barium is opaque, i.e. blocks , X-rays.
This procedure may be used to identify problems with swallowing, stomach ulcers, twisting of the small intestines.

171
Q

Lower GI series

A

a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large intestine and rectum.
This procedure can be used to identify problems such as diverticulitis/diverticulosis, and tumors.

172
Q

Endoscopy

A

use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel.
Special names may be used for each area explored such as colonoscopy.

173
Q

Ultrasonography (ultrasound)

A

a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs.
Primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs, such as the pregnant uterus.

174
Q

Rhin/o

A

nose (rhinitis, rhinorrhea)

175
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (laryngotomy, laryngectomy - cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)

176
Q

Trache/o

A

trachea (tracheotomy, tracheostomy - temporary and permanent openings)

177
Q

Bronch/o

A

lung air passageways (bronchoscopy - looking into the bronchi)

178
Q

Pne/u, -pnea

A

Breath, air, lung

Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea -accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing

179
Q

Pulmo

A

lung (pulmonary artery)

180
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting/coughing (hemoptysis - spitting or coughing up blood from the lungs)

181
Q

-plasty

A

reconstruction (rhinoplasty - surgical reconstruction of nose)

182
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

literally, “an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.”
A generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause symptoms and disability such a “black lung” or “miner’s lung” disease.
Terms specific to the particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.

183
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleed

184
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but other systems producing mucous such as the digestive system.
Patients suffer frequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.
They also take multiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production.

185
Q

Emphysema (COPD)

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange.
The bane of long term smokers.

186
Q

Atelectasis

A

a collapsed lung. Literally, “an imperfect expansion” in Greek.

187
Q

Pulmonologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the lungs. Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.

188
Q

Herniorrhaphy

A

surgical correction of inguinal hernia

189
Q

Hypospadias

A

literally “below the fleshy spike.”
A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip.

190
Q

Hydrocele

A

a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis.
Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort.
Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!

191
Q

Varicocele

A

dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the scrotum!
Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a “bag of worms.”
May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort.
This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular temperature

192
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

literally “hidden testicle.”
A condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

193
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia (remember that word? See urinary system).
The bane of old men! BPH becomes more common as men age.

194
Q

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

the surgical cure for BPH.
An instrument inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.

195
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

A

PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which can be detected with a lab test.
A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests.

196
Q

Hymen

A

Membrane surrounding entrance of vagina

Hymen – the Greek god of marriage

197
Q

Aphrodisiac

A

A chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire

Aphrodite- The Greek goddess of love

198
Q

Venereal disease

A

A sexually transmitted infectious disease

Venus – the Roman goddess of love

199
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual
Hermaphroditus- the offspring of Hermes and Aphrodite who looked female but had male genitalia

200
Q

Priapism

A

A continuous, painful erection

Priapus – the Roman god of male potency

201
Q

Satyriasis

A

A condition of compulsive sexual desire in men.

Satyr- a woodland deity part man and part goat. Most notable for chasing nymphs.

202
Q

Hyster/o, metr/

A

uterus

203
Q

hysterectomy

A

removal of the uterus

204
Q

endometritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the uterus

205
Q

Salping/o, -salpinx

A

uterine tube

206
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of the uterine tube

207
Q

hematosalpinx

A

blood in the uterine tube

208
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

209
Q

colporrhaphy

A

suturing a tear of the vagina

210
Q

colpoplasty

A

surgical reconstruction of the vagina

211
Q

colposcopy

A

viewing the interior of the vagina

212
Q

Oophor/o

A

ovary

213
Q

oophorectomy

A

surgical fixation of the ovary

214
Q

oophoropexy

A

reattachment of the ovary

215
Q

men/o

A

menstration

216
Q

menarche

A

first menstration

217
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstration

218
Q

Mamm/o, mast/o

A

breast

219
Q

-pareunia, coitus

A

intercourse

220
Q

dyspareunia

A

painful intercourse

221
Q

precoital, postcoital

A

before and after intercourse

222
Q

endometriosis

A

a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue.
Endometrium is the lining layer of the uterus which sloughs off with each menstruation.
If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones.
Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the lining membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain

223
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

although males have a closed abdominal cavity, the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outside world via the female reproductive tract.
Bacteria can make their way up the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity.
Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum, causes abdominal pain.
Although there are many potential causes of PID, gonorrheal infection is one of them.
Chronic Inflammation of the uterine tubes can occlude them resulting in infertility.

224
Q

Prolapsed uterus

A

Ligaments hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina.
Severe prolapse can result in the uterine cervix protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to its proper anatomical position.

225
Q

Obstetrician

A

literally “midwife” in Latin.

A physician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies.

226
Q

Gynecologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and surgery of this area.
Most physicians currently specialize in combined practice of OB/GYN.

227
Q

Episiotomy

A

a surgical procedure cutting into the perineal area, the area between the vagina and anus in order to prevent tearing of tissues when the baby’s head traverses the vaginal opening.

228
Q

Hysterosalpingogram

A

special X-rays of the uterus and uterine tubes involving passing an opaque dye backwards up through the uterus to determine if the tubes are patent.
Since the tubes are open into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, if patent, dye should spill out of the end of the tubes and be manifest on the X-ray.

229
Q

Colposcopy

A

using a magnifying instrument to inspect the interior of the vagina and cervix, the entrance to the uterus.

230
Q

Dilatation and curettage (D & C)

A

dilating the cervix, the entrance into the uterus, and passing instruments that enable scraping off superficial layers of the endometrium.
May be done as an early therapeutic abortion, or following a normal pregnancy to remove residual tissue remaining in the uterus, or may be done as a diagnostic procedure to examine lining tissue of the uterus.

231
Q

Mammoplasty

A

Surgical reconstruction of the breast may involve breast enlargement or reduction or cosmetic reconstruction after mastectomy.

232
Q

Pudendal block

A

An anesthetic administered to block sensation around the lower vagina and perineum. T
his facilitates performing an episiotomy (see above) allowing passage of the baby’s head while avoiding uncontrolled tearing of tissues.
By the way, pudendal, an ancient name for external genitalia, means “that which we should be ashamed of” in Latin. Even Adam and Eve wore fig leaves!

233
Q

-gravida

A

pregnancy

234
Q

nulligravida

A

never pregnant

235
Q

primigravida

A

first time pregnant

236
Q

multigravida

A

many pregnancies

237
Q

-para

A

live birth

238
Q

nullipara

A

no live births

239
Q

multipara

A

many live births

240
Q

part/o, toc/o

A

labor/birth/delivery

241
Q

prepartum, postpartum

A

before and after delivery

242
Q

dystocia

A

difficult delivery

243
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

(Latin, “breaking off”).
Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta before full term.
Occurs in only about 1% of pregnancies.
However, it has a 20-40% fetal mortality rate and is a significant contributor to maternal mortality.

244
Q

Placenta previa

A

(Latin, “leading the way”).
A placenta implanted over the cervical region of the uterus blocking the entrance to the birth canal.
Occurs in less than one percent of pregnancies, but can cause significant bleeding and require a complicated delivery

245
Q

Eclampsia

A

(toxemia of pregnancy )-
a serious and life-threatening condition that may develop during pregnancy involving hypertension, convulsions and coma.
A less severe form, preeclampsia, may develop but can be managed if identified and treated early.

246
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

(Greek, “out of place”).
A pregnancy implanted anywhere outside of the uterus.
The uterine tube (Fallopian tube) is the most common location, also called a “tubal pregnancy”.
The abdominal cavity is the least common location. Occurs in about 2% of pregnancies.
When it occurs, it is a surgical emergency, because the uterine tube cannot sustain tremendous expansion like the uterus.
Eventually, the uterine tube will rupture with severe, possibly fatal, hemorrhaging.

247
Q

oste/o

A

bone

248
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

249
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

250
Q

chondritis

A

inflammation of cartilage

251
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

252
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

253
Q

myeloma

A

cancer of the bone marrow

254
Q

ten/o, tendin/o

A

tendon (binds muscle to bone)

255
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of the tendon

256
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

surgical suture of a tendon

257
Q

Ligament/o

A

Ligament (binds bone to bone)

258
Q

Burs/o

A

Bursa, “bag”, (shock absorber between tendons and bones)

259
Q

my/o, myos/o

A

muscle

260
Q

-malacia

A

softening

261
Q

-porosis

A

porous

262
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, loss of strength

263
Q

-trophy

A

Development, stimulation, maintenance

264
Q

Atrophy

A

shriveling of muscles

265
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size and strength of muscles

266
Q

-algia, algesia

A

pain

267
Q

analgesia

A

take away pain

268
Q

Arthritis

A

As we age, our joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to degenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and oftentimes, loss of mobility of joints.
Changes occur in both joint soft tissues and the opposing bones, a condition called osteoarthritis.
A more serious form ofdisease is called rheumatoid arthritis.
The latter is an autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against joint tissues causing chronic inflammation resulting in severe joint damage, pain and immobility.

269
Q

Osteoporosis

A

“Porous bone.”
The bane of the old, especially, women.
The hard, rock-like quality of bone is dependent upon calcium.
When too much calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, bones lose density and are easily fractured.
Estrogen, the female sex hormone, helps maintain proper calcium levels in bones.
Once the ovaries stop producing the hormone, women are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis.
A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal column results in loss of height and stooped posture. Hip fractures are a common occurrence.

270
Q

Osteomalacia

A

“Soft bones.”
If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery.
Both adequate calcium in the diet and vitamin D, primarily, from normal sunlight exposure or supplementation, are necessary for normal bone development.
Before vitamin supplementation to milk, “rickets,” another name for osteomalacia in children, was common resulting in the classic bowed legs of the afflicted child.

271
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

People whose job involves repeated flexing of their wrist (typing, house painting) may develop tingling and/or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers along with weakness of movements of the thumb, especially, grasping an object
The main nerve for finely controlled thumb movements passes through a bony/ligamentous canal on the bottom of the wrist.
Repetitive flexing movements may inflame and thicken the ligament over the “tunnel” through the carpal (wrist) bones trapping and compressing the nerve.

272
Q

Tendonitis

A

Repeated strain on a tendon, attachment of a muscle to bone, can inflame the tendon resulting in pain and difficulty with movement involving the muscle.
Tendons have a poor blood supply; therefore, they typically take a long time to heal on the order of six weeks or more.

273
Q

Rotator cuff tear

A

Muscles surrounding the shoulder joint are involved in rotating the shoulder with upper arm and hand forward and backward, among other movements.
The tendons of these muscles also contribute to the structural strength of the shoulder joint. Hard, fast movements, such as in tennis and baseball can tear one of these tendons resulting in pain and decreased mobility of the shoulder.
Surgery may be needed to repair a torn tendon.

274
Q

Bursitis

A

A bursa is a small, closed bag with a minimum amount of lubricatory fluid that serves as a shock absorber where bones make close contact and to minimize trauma and friction where tendons cross bones and joints.
Inflammation leads to pain and immobility in a joint area.

275
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken.
The prefix, dys-, means abnormal.
The root, -trophy, refers to maintaining normal nourishment, structure and function.
The most common form in children is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy and affects only males.
It usually appears between the ages of 2 to 6 and the afflicted live typically into late teens to early 20s.

276
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

“Muscular weakness, profound”.
This is an autoimmune disease that involves production of antibodies that interfere with nerves stimulating muscle contractions.
Face and neck muscles are the most obviously affected, manifesting as drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and general fatigue.
There is no actual paralysis of muscles involved, but a rapid fatiguing of function.

277
Q

Lupus erythematosus

A

An autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against a variety of organs, especially connective tissues of skin and joints.
Mild Lupus may involve a distinctive butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks.
Mild lupus may also involve myalgia and arthralgia (remember these words?) Severe or systemic lupus (SLE) involves inflammation of multiple organ systems such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys.
By the way, lupus means “wolf” in Latin.
Maybe a reference to the facial rash that might give a patient a wolf-like appearance.

278
Q

Orthopaedist

A

“To straighten up children.”
Orthopaedics is a surgical subspecialty that in the past devoted much of its time to treating musculoskeletal deformities in children.
Now with improved prenatal diagnosis and better nutrition, orthopaedists still treat children with spine and limb deformities but also adults with complicated bone fractures, damaged tendons or ligaments, or needing surgery to replace a damaged hip or knee joint.

279
Q

Rheumatologist

A

“To study the flux of fluids.”
Rheuma is an old medical term for a watery discharge.
Among other diseases, rheumatologists treat joint diseases such as the various forms of arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis.
Inflamed joints accumulate “fluid” and swell among other signs and symptoms.
This medical subspecialty also evaluates and treats osteoporosis, tendonitis, gout and lupus among many other chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders.

280
Q

Osteopath/osteopathic physician (D.O.)

A

The name sounds like a specialty limited to bone disease, but actually, osteopathic physicians are one of two arms of the medical profession that differ in history and philosophy. At one time there were many kinds of medical schools originating from various philosophies; allopathic, osteopathic, homeopathic. Osteopathy originated in the 1890s in response to despair at the lack of effectiveness of many forms of then primitive treatments. Osteopathy developed an emphasis on the influence of the musculoskeletal system and its interrelationship to other body systems. D.O.s make use of osteopathic manipulation (bones, ligaments, joints) along with medication, surgery and all other medical treatments used by M.D. physicians. Also, preventive care has always been a major emphasis of osteopathic care. M.D.s and D.O.s are licensed by all state medical boards.

281
Q

Podiatrists

A

traditionally known as “foot doctors,” are surgical subspecialists in diseases and structural problems of the feet.
They not only provide care for corns, calluses, ingrown toenails and heel spurs, but also treat foot and ankle injuries, deformities and diseases.
Many systemic diseases manifest signs and symptoms in appearance of the feet such as poor wound healing in diabetes.
They also can prescribe special shoes and inserts to treat chronic foot pain and walking problems. Podiatrists may further specialize in sports medicine, geriatrics or diabetic foot care.

282
Q

Physical therapist

A

This health care professional has at least two years of specialized training beyond a college degree. PTs are rehabilitation specialists treating a multitude of medical problems including patients recovering from joint surgery, limb amputation, a stroke, heart attack and suffering with chronic neuromuscular diseases. In addition to other treatment modalities, they teach patients exercises to strengthen their body, increase mobility and how to prevent recurrence of injury

283
Q

Arthroscopy

A

A fiberoptic instrument is introduced into a joint cavity in order to visualize surfaces of bones entering into a joint, find tears in internal joint structures and evaluate sources of inflammation.

284
Q

Bone scan

A

A radioactive element in very small amounts, not enough to cause any radiation injury to the patient, is introduced into the blood stream.
The specially selected element accumulates in bone and using a much more sophisticated version of the old Geiger Counter instrument, the distribution of the element is used to diagnose potential bone tumors among other bone pathologies.

285
Q

Electromyography

A

“a recording of muscle electrical activity.” Fine needles are introduced into muscles in order to make recordings of contractile activity.
This procedure is useful in evaluating causes of paralysis, diagnosing muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders.

286
Q

Muscle biopsy

A

Cutting out a small tissue sample of muscle in order to examine it under a microscope.
This procedure can be useful in diagnosing muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders.

287
Q

Good news cancer terms

A 
Benign
Low grade
Radiosensitive
No metastases
Well differentiated
Negative nodes
In remission
Surgically resectable
288
Q

Bad news cancer terms

A 
Malignant
High grade
Radioresistant
metastases
Poorly differentiated
Positive nodes
Relapse
Inoperable
289
Q

Carcinoma

A

the most common form of cancer.
Carcinoma develops from sheets of cells that cover a surface (example: skin) or line a body cavity (example: glandular lining of stomach).
Some names for tumors of this type would be:
adenocarcinoma of the prostate,
adenocarcinoma of the lung,
gastric adenocarcinoma,
hepatocellular carcinoma (what organ is involved?).
Note that the term carcinoma typically appears in the name.

290
Q

Sarcoma

A

A rare form of cancer arises from connective and supportive tissues,
examples:
bone, fat, muscle, and other connective tissues.
Some names of this type of tumor would be:
osteosarcoma (malignancy of bone), liposarcoma (fat) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Note that the term sarcoma does not always appear in the name.

291
Q

Radiosensitive

A

cancer degenerates in response to radiation

292
Q

Radioresistant

A

the cancer may have a partial response or doesn’t respond at all

293
Q

Fractionation

A

a treatment radiation dose is broken down into multiple exposures over several weeks to minimize side effects

294
Q

Cryosurgery

A

destroying malignant tissue by freezing it with a cold probe. Often used for soft tissues like liver or kidney.

295
Q

Fulguration

A

“Lightning” in Latin.

Malignant tissue is destroyed with an electrocautery instrument (electric current).

296
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

simultaneous tissue sampling and removal of a tumor with a safe margin of normal tissue.
Frequently done with suspicious skin lesions; example, malignant melanoma.

297
Q

Resect

A

to cut and remove a segment of an organ containing a tumor.

298
Q

En bloc resection

A

removal of the tumor and any surrounding organs or tissues that may be involved.
This is often necessary for large abdominal sarcomas.

299
Q

-penia

A

abnormal reduction

300
Q

-algia

A

pain

301
Q

dynia-

A

pain

302
Q

-ectasis

A

expansion or dilation

303
Q

Eu

A

normal

304
Q

Pan

A

all

305
Q

sprain

A

injury to ligaments of a joint

306
Q

strain

A

injury to muscle tendon

Med Terms (1 decks)

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