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Pharma > Mechanism of Action - Drugs > Flashcards

Mechanism of Action - Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acepromazine (Phenothiazine)

A

D2 antagonist

H1 Antagonist α-adrenoceptor antagonist mACh antagonist 5-HT antagonist

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2
Q

Azaperone (Butyrophenone)

A

Swine
Inhibits D2 rec NA-inhibition Anticholinergic
Weak α-adrenoceptor antagonist Weak H1 antagonist

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3
Q

Atipamezole (α-2 antagonist)

A

α-2 antagonist - indicated for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs.

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4
Q

Alprazolam (BZD)

A

Facilitate the inhibitory activity of GABA by causing a receptor structural change, opening Cl- ion channels -> Positive allosteric modulators

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5
Q

Amitriptyline (Tricyclic antidepressant)

A

Prevent reuptake of several NTs, incl. serotonin, norepi. & ACh

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6
Q

Atropine (Long-acting Parasympatholytic)

A

Antagonises mACh rec. Antidote for OrganoPhosphate Poisoning

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7
Q

Atenolol (Beta blocker, anti-arrhythmia)

A

Β-1 blocker (preferred over β-2) Neg. chrono- & inotropic effect

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8
Q

Aminophylline (Methylxanthine deriv.)

A

Releases the theophylline which inhibits PDE, IC cAMP increases -> β-1 like effect -> bronchodilation

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9
Q

Alfentanil (Opioid)

A

Full μ-agonist

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10
Q

Alfaxolone (Steroid anaesthetic)

A

Cats mainly

GABA agonist

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11
Q

Alfadolone (Steroid anaesthetic)

A

GABA agonist

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12
Q

Atracurium (Myorelaxant)

A

Antagonise nACh selectively, preventing Ach binding and muscle cell depolarisation -> Nondepolarizing blockade

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13
Q

Articaine (LA)

A

Block Na+ channels opening

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14
Q

Amantadine (Other analgesics)

A

NMDA antagonist (Neuropathic pain)

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15
Q

Azathioprine (Immunosuppression)

A

Prodrug of mercaptopurine

Not fully understood but may be related to purine synthesis inhibition, & B and T cell inhib.

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16
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid (NSAID - Aspirin)

A

Do not admin to Cats.
Do not mix in water and give to pigs.
Non-selective COX inhibitor
Also blocks the prod. of thromboxane, preventing clots -> Stroke victims

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17
Q

Amiodarone (Class III Anti-arrhythmic)

A

K+ channel blocker -> effective refractory period increases -> decreased heart excitability

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18
Q

Amlodipine (Class IV Anti-arrhythmic)

A

Ca2+ channel blocker
Decreased Ca2+ influx -> neg. chronotropic effect and vasodilation
SA-node and AV-node -> bradycardia

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19
Q

Acetazolamide (Natriuretic)

A

Carboanhydrase inhibitor
Acts on the prox. Tubule of the nephron Prevents carboanhydrase converting water and CO2 to carbonic acid
Used to Treat cysteine stones

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20
Q

Acetylcysteine (Mucolytic)

A

Breaks down disulphide bonds in mucoproteins àdissolution of viscous mucous Antidote of paracetamol toxicosis
-> IV 140 mg/kg

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21
Q

Ambroxol (Expectorant)

A 
Bromhexine metabolite,
1. Break up mucopolysaccharides,
dissolving mucus,
2. Increase serous gland secretion,
3. Enhance ciliary movement 
Bonus: Enhance AB and Ig permeation*
* Permeation is the process of molecular penetration of gases, vapours or fluids through the material membrane of a solid.
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22
Q

Ammonium Chloride (Mucolytic)

A

Resp. tract irritation causing increased serous gland secretion.

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23
Q

Acarbose (Other hormone, hormone antagonist (Antidiabetic))

A

Inhibit α-glycosidase activity in the GI -> less rapid blood sugar elevation after food consumption

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24
Q

Aglepriston (Anti-Progestogen)

A

Abortion, 2nd dose after 24 hours

P4 antagonist-> drop in P4 levels -> cannot sustain pregnancy

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25
Q

Altrenogest (Progestogen)

A

Progestomimetic -> P4 rec.
Eq & Su Oestrus Synchronisation
Wear gloves -> transdermal

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26
Q

Activated charcoal (Adsorbent)

A

Binds enterotoxins and endotoxins
DOES NOT bind carbohydrates and proteins
1 – 5 g/kg

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27
Q

Attapulgite (Adsorbent)

A

Magnesium, aluminium silicate clay with an orange colour and disinfect the GIT but used as an antidiarrheal

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28
Q

Aluminium hydroxide (Antacid)

A

Coats the mucosa of the stomach, neutralising acids but may cause constipation

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29
Q

Apomorphine (Emetic)

A

D2 agonist ->CTZ
1st choice in Dogs
Cannot readminister -> pointless
DO NOT use in cats -> dysphoria

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30
Q

Amoxicillin (Broad spectrum penicillin)

A

Binds to PBP -> inhibits PGlycan layer synthesis -> cell wall disruption
Time dependent Bactericidal,
G - & +, PAE Β-lactamase sensitive except can Treat UTI as reaches a high conc in urine
Borrelia spp. are sensitive

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31
Q

Ampicillin (Broad spectrum Penicillin)

A

Binds to PBP-> inhibits PGlycan layer synthesis -> cell wall disruption
Time dependent Bactericidal, G - & +, PAE
Β-lactamase sensitive, give with clav or sulbactam

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32
Q

Aztreonam (Monobactam)

A

Gram –
Β-lactamase resistant
PBP binding -> PGlycan synthesis inhib. -> cell wall disturbance

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33
Q

Azithromycin (Macrolide – Ho & SAM)

A

Fastidious Gram +, anaerobes, bacteriostatic but bactericidal at high conc.
Bind to 50S ribo. Subunit -> protein synthesis inhibition
Effective against M. haemofelis

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34
Q

Amikacin (AG)

A

Kanamycin deriv.
Cause incorrect protein synthesis and act on 30S Ribo. Subunit
Causes oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation, inducing RNA damage Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
Half dose in cats Pseudomonas, MRSA & MRSP active Not effective against anaerobes -> needs oxygen
Gram – aerobic + staphylococcus

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35
Q

Apramycin (AG)

A

Cause incorrect protein synthesis and act on 30S Ribo. Subunit
Causes oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation, inducing RNA damage Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
Used in swine P.O.
Not effective against anaerobes -> needs oxygen
Gram – aerobic + staphylococcus

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36
Q

Acyclovir (Antiviral)

A

Herpes, Purine analogue
DO NOT use in Cats
Binds to DNA-polymerase, DNA viruses

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37
Q

Amantadine (Antiviral)

A

Ion channel blocker against influenza

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38
Q

Asparaginase (Anti-neoplastic)

A

Acute lymphoid leukaemia & lymphoma Treatment, decreases protein synthesis
Tumour cell does not produce Asparagine and it becomes deprived

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39
Q

Amphotericin-B (Systemic Antifungal

&, Polyene AB & Anti-protozoal)

A

Binds to ergosterol, disrupting the cell membrane -> cell death

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40
Q

Acetic acid (Antiseptic)

A

5% -> Bactericidal

Irrigation of Urinary Tract & Can treat otitis externa

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41
Q

Allopurinol (Anti-protozoal)

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Decreases uric acid prod.

Treats leishmaniasis -> interacts with purine synthesis -> toxic ATP formed

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42
Q

Albendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

BZ carbamate
1st effect: Inhibit tubulin polymerisation
2nd effect: Inhibit cellular transport and energy metabolism
A N & A T & A C
Ru mainly

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43
Q

Amitraz (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Selective to parasite Octopamine α-2 agonist in mammals
Small doses in Eq, Fe & Chihuahua Atipamezole is the antidote

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44
Q

Afoxolaner (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist, Glutamate-gated Cl- channel antagonist
1-month fleas, ticks, mites and demodex

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45
Q

Bethanechol (Direct parasympathomimetic)

A

Specific mACh agonist

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46
Q

Benzetimide (Parasympatholytic)

A 
Ru
mACh antagonist
Decreases GI motility 
(Peristalsis and segmental contraction)
Used as an antidiarrheal
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47
Q

Butyl-scopolamine (Parasympatholytic)

A

Used as an anti-spasmodic e.g., colic
mACh antagonist
Decreases SM function -> antispasmodic effect

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48
Q

Betaxolol (Selective β-1 receptor blocker)

A

β1 rec. blocker
(Blocks catecholamines) Neg. chronotropic and inotropic effect
Class II antiarrhythmic

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49
Q

Baclofen (Central myorelaxant)

A

GABA(B) rec. agonist - > hyperpolarisation of neurons due to increased K+ conductance and reduces Ca2+ conductance
Inhibits the release of substance P

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50
Q

Bupivacaine (LA)

A

Blocks Na+ channels opening

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51
Q

Butorphanol (Opioid)

A

μ-antagonist, k agonist

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52
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial μ agonist

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53
Q

Betamethasone (GC – Long acting)

A
  1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
  2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
  4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
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54
Q

Beclomethasone (Inhalant GC)

A
  1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
  2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
  4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
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55
Q

Budesonide (Inhalant GC)

A
  1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
  2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
  4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
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56
Q

Benazepril (ACE Inhibitor)

A

Prodrug of Benazeprilat
Inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Angiotensin I cannot convert to Angiotensin II Prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone prod., ADH prod.

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57
Q

Brinzolamide (Natriuretic)

A

Used in the Treatment of glaucoma Carboanhydrase inhibitor preventing water and CO2 converting to carbonic acid
Takes effect in the proximal tubule of the nephron
Decreases aqueous humour production -> decreasing eye pressure

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58
Q

Bromhexine (Expectorant)

A 
Expectorant
1. Breaks up mucopolysaccharide ->
dissolving mucous
2. Increases serous gland secretion
3. Enhances ciliary movement 
Bonus: Enhances AB and Ig permeation
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59
Q

Bromocriptine

Ergot alkaloid – Dopamine Agonist

A

D2 agonist

Reduces prolactin hormone synthesis -> pseudopregnancy

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60
Q

Buserelin (GnRH analogue)

A

Stimulate the production of/and release of FSH & LH from the hypophysis

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61
Q

Bismuth Salts (Adstringent)

A

Cause faeces to look black -> not melaena Vasoconstriction-> decrease secretion & anti- inflammatory
Binds to damaged proteins & precipitates them -> coagulation -> protective layer Inactivate entero and endotoxins
Antidiarrheal

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62
Q

Bisacodyl (Stimulant Laxative)

A

Causes direct SM stimulation & plexus myentericus stimulation

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63
Q

Benzylpenicillin Na, K

Narrow spectrum penicillin

A

IV admin
Time dependent Bactericidal, Gram +,
~Gram -~ & Leptospira and Borrelia spp and anaerobes PBP binding-> PGlycan synthesis inhibition-> Cell wall disruption

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64
Q

Benzathine benzylpenicillin

(Narrow spectrum penicillin

A

Combo with streptomycin
Inject, 3-day efficacy
Time dependent Bactericidal, Gram +,
~Gram -~ & Leptospira and Borrelia spp and anaerobes PBP binding -> PGlycan synthesis inhibition ->Cell wall disruption

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65
Q

Bacitracin (Antibiotic)

A

Inhibit cell synthesis -> interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate
Conc. Dependent bactericidal G-Positives (Not β-Lactamase sensitive)

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66
Q

Baquiloprim (Long-acting DAP)

A

Inhibits Tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis from Dihydrofolic acid by combing with the enzyme Dihydrofolate reductase -> no purine synthesis -> no DNA
Greater affinity to the bacterial enzyme -> specificity Bacteriostatic
Bact-Cidal when combined with SUAs
Gram + & Gram – aerobes
No activity against mycobacterium, mycoplasma or chlamydia

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67
Q

Bifonazole (Antifungal)

A 
Topical Imidazole
Malassezia very sensitive
Inhibit 14α- sterol demethylase preventing ergosterol formation from lanosterol -> membrane disruption
2 – 4 weeks
Ringworm
Cut long hair
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68
Q

Benzalkonium chloride (Cationic surfactant)

A

Absorbed in cell membrane and change permeability
Most bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Ineffective against viruses and spores S. aureus is resistant

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69
Q

Bradophen (Cationic surfactant)

A

Absorbed in cell membrane and change permeability
Most bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Ineffective against viruses and spores S. aureus is resistant

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70
Q

Brilliant Green

A

Triphenylmethane dye
Gram positives
Lower activity in presence of organic matter Antiseptic: 0.5% sol. Burns, wounds, 5% naval

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71
Q

Chlorpromazine (Phenothiazine)

A 
Antagonist of; 
mACh
D2
H1
5-HT α-adrenergic rec. 
Paradox Rx in Horses
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72
Q

Clomipramine (Tricyclic Antidepressant)

A

Prevent reputable of several NTs incl. serotonin, norepinephrine & ACh

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73
Q

Carbachol (Direct parasympathomimetic)

A

Binds to ACh

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74
Q

Clenbuterol (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

Long acting β-2 agonist

DO NOT ADMIN TO Food producing animals or Racehorses

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75
Q

Carisoprodol (Muscle relaxant)

A

Potentiates opioids
Central acting
Altered interneuronal activity in the spinalcord and the descending reticular formation of the brain.

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76
Q

Codeine (Opioid)

A

Full μ agonist

Also has an Antitussive effect

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77
Q

Caffeine (Xanthine deriv.)

A

Central analeptic Most to least sensitive;

  1. Adenosine receptor blocker
  2. PDE inhibitor
  3. Action at Ca2+ channels to increase Ca2+ into cells & to decrease sarcolemma sequestration of Ca2+
  4. Bind to GABA recc. at the BZD binding site.
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78
Q

Carprofen (NSAID)

A 
Lethal in humans
COX inhibitor (COX-2 preferential)
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79
Q

Cimicoxib (NSAID)

A

COX-2 specific Dogs

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80
Q

Cortisol (GC)

A
  1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
  2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
  3. Inhibit kappa Decreased interleukins
  4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
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81
Q

Chlorpheniramine (1st gen. antihistamine)

A

Inverse H1 agonist

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82
Q

Cetirizine (2nd gen. antihistamine)

A

Inverse H1 agonist

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83
Q

Cyproheptadine

Appetite stimulant & 1st gen antihistamine

A

His & Serotonin antagonist

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84
Q

Cyclophosphamide (Immunosuppressant)

A

Suppress B & T cells

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85
Q

Cyclosporin

Immunosuppressant

A

Calcineurine Inhibition

Calcineurine inhibition is involved in IL-2 expression

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86
Q

Clopidogrel (Antiplatelet agent)

A

ADP receptor inhibition

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87
Q

Chlorothiazine (Phenothiazine)

A 
Antagonist of; 
mACh
D2
H1
5-HT α-adrenergic rec. 
Paradox Rx in Horses
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88
Q

Carbocysteine (Mucolytic)

A

Break up disulphide bonds in mucoproteins, dissolving viscous mucous
Also increases ciliary movement

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89
Q

Clenbuterol (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

Long acting β-2 agonist

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90
Q

Carbimazole (Thyroid Tx)

A

Used to treat hyperthyroidism Interferes (or compete) with thyroid peroxidase
(early step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

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91
Q

Cloprostenol (Synthetic prostaglandin)

A

Synthetic analogue of PGF-2ɑ Luteolytic

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92
Q

Cisapride (Prokinetic)

A

Human drug

5-HT4 agonist in plexus myentericus -> ACh release

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93
Q

Cloxacillin (Penicillin)

A

Penicillinase stable
Cl & O
PBP binding,
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall Time dependent Bactericidal G+ Beta-lactamase resistant

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94
Q

Clavulanic acid (Beta lactamase inhibitor)

A

Inhibit beta lactamase

“Suicide” inhibitor by binding and inactivating the enzyme

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95
Q

Cefazolin (1st gen. cephalosporin)

A 
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β - lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
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96
Q

Cefalexin (1st gen. cephalosporin)

A 
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
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97
Q

Cefapirin (1st gen. cephalosporin)

A 
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
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98
Q

Cefadroxil (1st gen. cephalosporin)

A 
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
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99
Q

Cefuroxime (2nd gen. cephalosporin)

A

Less pronounced activity against G+ G-
Anaerobes

Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
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100
Q

Ceftiofur (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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101
Q

Ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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102
Q

Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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103
Q

Ceftazidime (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Pseudomonas
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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104
Q

Cefovecin (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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105
Q

Cefoperazon (3rd gen cephalosporin)

A

Pseudomonas
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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106
Q

Cefquinome (4th gen cephalosporin)

A

G+ & G- & CIA
Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption

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107
Q

Chlortetracycline (TTC)

A

30S ribo subunit inhibitor
Short acting
Bacteriostatic
Higher conc. in urine can be bactericidal Aerobic and anaerobic
G+ & G-, Mycoplasma, rickettsia & chlamydophilae all sensitive

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108
Q

Clarithromycin (Macrolide)

A

Gram +, Anaerobic.
Fastidious Bacteriostatic
50S ribo subunit
Also active against crypto

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109
Q

Clindamycin (Lincosamide)

A

DO NOT ADMIN TO HORSES
G+ & Anaerobic Bacteriostatic
50S ribo subunit

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110
Q

Chloramphenicol (Phenicol)

A

50S ribo subunit
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G- Anaerobes & aerobes

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111
Q

Ciprofloxacin (FQ)

A 
Best for Pseudomonas
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complex of Type II topoisomerase & (DNA gyrase in G-) & Type IV topoisomerase in G+ -> bacterial death Conc. dependent Bactericidal
PAE
Gen 2 b
G-
Moderate G+
IC pathogens
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112
Q

Carboplatin (Antineoplastic)

A

Osteosarcoma, carcinoma
DO NOT ADMIN IN CATS
Mainly acts by attaching alkyl groups to the nucleotides, leading to the formation of monoadducts, and DNA fragmenting when repair enzymes attempt to correct the error.

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113
Q

Cisplatin (Antineoplastic)

A

Causes pulmonary oedema in cats
DO NOT ADMIN TO CATS
1) Attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis & RNA transcription from the affected DNA
2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription,
3) The induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations.

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114
Q

Chlorambucil (Antineoplastic)

A

First choice in leukaemia and lymphoma Slowest acting

1) Attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis & RNA transcription from the affected DNA
2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription,
3) The induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations.

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115
Q

Cytarabine (Antineoplastic)

A

Pyrimidine analogue, Decreases DNA synthesis Lymphoma

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116
Q

Clotrimazole (Antifungal)

A

Topical

14ɑ-sterol demethylase inhibition Prevents ergosterol formation from lanosterol

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117
Q

Chlorhexidine (Antiseptic)

A 
Biguanide
G+
Some G-
Fungi
Not spores Disrupts the cell membrane
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118
Q

Chlorine dioxide (Disinfectant)

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.

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119
Q

Chloramine B & T (Disinfectant)

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.

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120
Q

Clopidol (Anti-coccidial)

A

Coccidiostat

Possibly, inhibition of cytochrome-C mediated electron transport in mitochondria

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121
Q

Clorsulon (Endoparasiticide)

A

Inhibits enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in liver flukes

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122
Q

Coumaphos (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Varroa mites
OP – DO NOT USE IN CATS
Irreversible inhibition of AChE

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123
Q

Calcium hypochlorite (Disinfectant)

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.

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124
Q

Dinotefuran (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Neonicotinoid insecticide
ACh agonist – 3rd gen. nACh
Fastest acting

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125
Q

Deltamethrin (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Open Na+ channels leading to constant depolarisation -> “Knock down effect” Resistance is common in fleas Brown dog ticks are resistant
2nd gen. pyrethroid

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126
Q

Diazinon (Ectoparasiticide)

A

OrganoPhosphate poisoning

DO NOT USE ON CATS Contact poison Irreversibly inhibits AchE Antidote: Atropine

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127
Q

Doramectin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic Lactone)

A

Potentiate inhibitory transmitters by binding to Glutamate & GABA-gated Cl- channel receptors
in nematodes & arthropod neurons. Causes the channel to open, leading to an influx of Cl-
->Paralysis of pharynx, body wall and uterine muscles of nematodes

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128
Q

Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (Disinfectant/ Antiseptic)

A

Cationic surfactant
Adsorbed to cell membrane and increase permeability
Most bacteria, some fungi, yeast, protozoa Inactivated by an anionic surfactant. Not a reliable antiseptic as they form a film under which microbes can survive

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129
Q

Dicytyldimethylammonium bromide (Disinfectant/ Antiseptic)

A

Cationic surfactant
Adsorbed to cell membrane and increase permeability
Most bacteria, some fungi, yeast, protozoa Inactivated by an anionic surfactant. Not a reliable antiseptic as they form a film under which microbes can survive

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130
Q

Decoquinate (Anticoccidial)

A

Inhibits cytochrome-C mediated electron transport in mitochondria Quinoline deriv.

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131
Q

Diclazuril (Anticoccidial)

A

Triazine deriv.
Active against all IC stages
Inhibit asexual stages by inhibiting nuclear division of schizonts and microgamonts & by inhibiting wall forming bodies of macrogamonts -cidal
Inhibits sporulation

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132
Q

Doxorubicin (Anti-neoplastic)

A

Intercalates & binds to DNA, disrupting the helical structure & DNA template, TII-mediated chain scission
Lymphoma, Leukaemia, Osteosarcoma, Haemangiosarcoma

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133
Q

Dicloxacillin (Penicillinase stable penicillin)

A 
2 Cl
PBP binding,
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall
Time dependent Bactericidal G+
Beta-lactamase resistant
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134
Q

Doxycycline (TTC)

A

30S Ribo Subunit inhibitor
Long acting
Bacteriostatic
High Conc. Bactericidal
(Loss of functional integrity of cell membrane)
Aerobic & Anaerobic, G+ & G-
Mycoplasma, Rickettsia & Chlamydia are sensitive
Lawsonia IC
Wolbachia spp. Tx (30 days)
Active against Toxoplasmosis in large doses Prevention of Babesiosis

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135
Q

Danofloxacin (FQ- Gen. 2b)

A

G-
Moderate against G+ Pseudomonas (but mainly ciprofloxacin)
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by cleaving DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of Type II Topoisomerase, (DNA grease in
G-) & type IV topoisomerase in G+, resulting in cell death
Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
PAE

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136
Q

Difloxacin (FQ – Gen. 2b)

A

G-
Moderate against G+ Pseudomonas (but mainly ciprofloxacin)
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by cleaving DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of Type II Topoisomerase, (DNA grease in
G-) & type IV topoisomerase in G+, resulting in cell death
Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
PAE

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137
Q

Diltiazem (Class IV antiarrhythmic)

A

Ca2+ channel blockers
Increase refractory period between AV node and SA node
Decreased Ca2+ influx ->Decreased contraction and vasodilation

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138
Q

Digoxin (Cardiotonic)

A
  1. Irreversibly inhibits Na/ K ATPase enzyme -> Increased Na+
  2. Increased Calcium in the myocytes-> increased contractile force of the heart.
  3. Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system via n. vagus-> SA & AV node effects, decreasing HR.
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139
Q

Dorzolamide (Diuretic – Natriuretic)

A

Carboanhydrase inhibitor
Glaucoma Treatment
Proximal tubule
Prevents bicarbonate synthesis from water and CO2

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140
Q

Dihydrocodeine (Antitussive)

A

DO NOT ADMIN IN CATS ->
Dysphoria etc Central antitussive
Block the cough centre (μ & κ receptors)

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141
Q

Dextromethorphan (Antitussive)

A

Safe in cats NMDA Antagonist δ-receptor

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142
Q

Dembrexine (Expectorant)

A 
Used in horses
1. Break up mucopolysaccharide,
dissolving the mucus 
2. Increase serous gland secretion
3. Engage ciliary movement 
4. Enhance permeation of Ig & AB
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143
Q

Diazepam (BZD)

A

Facilitate or amplify the inhibitory activity of GABAA, by eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA receptor complex -> Cl- channels open, hyperpolarising the neuron’s membrane potential
Entero-hepatic recirculation

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144
Q

Domperidone (Antiemetic & Prokinetic)

A

Peripheral effect only

D2 – antagonist (D3) Potential risk for MDR-1 gene breeds

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145
Q

Dolasetron (Antiemetic)

A

Selective 5-HT antagonist
Converted to hydrolasetron
CTZ & N. vagus and GIT

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146
Q

Diphenhydramine (Antihistamine)

A

1 Gen

Inverse H1 agonist, Vestibular apparatus action

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147
Q

Docusate (Stimulant Laxative)

A

Increase in secretion of water (Soften the stool), sodium, chloride, & potassium as well as a decrease in absorption of glucose and bicarbonate.
Surfactant effect in the intestines

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148
Q

Deslorelin (GnRH)

A

Stimulation of the production and release of FSH and LH

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149
Q

Desmopressin (Vasopressin analogue – Antidiuretic)

A

Binds to V2 recc. in the cells of the distal tubule & collecting ducts of the nephron, stimulating adenylyl cyclase -> increased aquaporins in the luminal membrane & enhanced water permeability.

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150
Q

Dinoprost (Prostaglandin analogue)

A

PGF 2-α deriv.
Stimulates myometrial contractions (via its interaction with the prostaglandin receptors) in the pregnant uterus that are like the contractions that occur in the term uterus during labour.

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151
Q

Droperidol (Butyrophenone)

A

D2-antagonist Antiemetic effect

Exact mechanism is not clear.

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152
Q

Detomidine (α 2 agonist)

A

α-2 adrenergic central rec. agonist Inhibits the release of norepi, Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
More commonly used in Horses

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153
Q

Dexmedetomidine (α 2 agonist)

A

Presynaptic α-2 adrenergic central rec. agonist Inhibits the release of norepi
Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate. Small animals

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154
Q

Dopamine (Non-specific sympathomimetic)

A

Catecholamine
Norepi precursor
Positive chronotropic & inotropic effects on the myocardium
Direct β-agonist
In the brain -> D1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 recc. agonists

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155
Q

Dobutamine (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

Mainly beta 1 receptor agonist

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156
Q

Desflurane (Inhalational anaesthetic)

A

GABA agonist, mainly

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157
Q

Dinitrogen oxide (Inhalational anaesthetic)

A

Inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors GABA agonist

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158
Q

Doxapram (Respiratory stimulant)

A

Thought to inhibit certain K channels in the carotid body, stimulating the respiratory centre in the brain stem

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159
Q

Deracoxib (NSAID)

A

Cox-2 selective Dog

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160
Q

Dexamethasone (GC)

A

Long acting

  1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
  2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid-> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
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161
Q

Dimenhydrinate (1st gen Antihistamine & antiemetic)

A

Inverse H1 agonist Vestibular apparatus

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162
Q

Dimetindene (1st gen antihistamine & antiemetic)

A

Inverse H1 agonist Vestibular apparatus

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163
Q

Doxazosin (Sympatholytic)

A

Postsynaptic
Alpha 1 antagonist on vascular smooth muscle
Urethra sphincter relaxation

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164
Q

Edrophonium (Parasympathomimetic)

A

Inhibit cholinesterase -> Increased ACh in synapses-> Nicotinic and Muscarinic effect Short acting
Myasthenia gravis diagnosis -> Tensilon test

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165
Q

Epinephrine (Non-Specific Sympathomimetic)

A

β receptor agonist α-receptors in higher doses

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166
Q

Ephedrine (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

α-receptor agonist

Treats hypotension

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167
Q

Etodolac (NSAID)

A

More COX-2 selective (5-50x than COX-1)

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168
Q

Enalapril (ACE Inhibitor)

A

Prodrug of enalaprilat

Prevents Angiotensin converting enzyme converting Ang I to Ang II -> No vasoconstriction

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169
Q

Etamsylate (Anticoagulant inhibitor)

A

Thromboxane antagonist Improves capillary wall integrity PGI effect inhibition Post-op use

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170
Q

Estradiol benzoate (Oestrogens)

A

Inhibit implantation
In the Tx of uterine infections
Tx urinary incontinence in spayed females
Stop lactation in females
Tx of persistent CL in Bo (Oestrogen is luteotropic in sow)
Anal adenoma in males
Prostate hypertrophy

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171
Q

Estriol (Natural oestrogen)

A 
GnRH release
Improve uterine tone
Inhibit implantation
In the Tx of uterine infections
Tx urinary incontinence in spayed females 
Stop lactation in females
Tx of persistent CL in Bo (Oestrogen is luteotropic in sow)
Anal adenoma in males
Prostate hypertrophy
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172
Q

ECG (GnRH)

A

Non-pituitary
Equine chorionic gonadotrophin Induce follicular growth & ovulation after Tx of P4, progestogens Superovulation
Stimulate spermatogenesis and libido

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173
Q

Erythromycin (Macrolide)

A

Old drug

Gram+, anaerobic, fastidious Bacteriostatic Bactericidal at high conc. Bind to 50S ribo. Subunit

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174
Q

Enilconazole (Antifungal)

A

Imidazole
Topical
Malassezia v sensitive
Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase stopping the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol

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175
Q

Ethylene dioxide (Disinfectant)

A

Bacteria, viruses, & fungi including spores.

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176
Q

Epsiprantel (Anthelmintic)

A

Induce spastic paralysis in the parasite. Interfere with the regulation of IC Ca2+ conc.
Impairing mobility and sucking function of cestodes
AC: Tapeworm AT: Tropical blood fluke Echinococcus spp.

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177
Q

Eprinomectin (Macrocyclic lactone)

A

Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate and GABA gated chloride channels -> channels open -> chloride ion influx -> Paralysis

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178
Q

Emodepside (Anthelmintic)

A

Inhibitory effect on synaptic transmission by binding to a group of G-protein coupled receptors called iatrophilins. This activates the channel causing potassium ion efflux, hyperpolarisation & inhibition of excitatory NT effect of ACh, inhibiting muscles in the parasitic nematodes -> flaccid paralysis. Inhibit locomotive & pharyngeal pumping functions and inhibits egg laying.
AN

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179
Q

Fluanisone (Butyrophenone)

A

D2 inhibition
NA inhibition?
Anticholinergic effects
Weak α-1 antagonist Weak H1 antagonist

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180
Q

Fluoxetine (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

Inhibits pre-synaptic uptake of Serotonin

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181
Q

Formoterol (β-2 agonist sympathomimetic)

A

Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction

β-2 agonist -> Bronchodilation

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182
Q

Fentanyl (Opioid)

A

Full μ agonist

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183
Q

Flunixin (NSAID)

A

COX inhibitor,
Antiendotoxin (Gram -, Enteritis & Mastitis & Colic)
Do not give before surgery -> platelet aggregation inhibition

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184
Q

Firocoxib (NSAID)

A

COX-2 selective

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185
Q

Fluticasone (Inhalant GC)

A
  1. Inhibits phospholipase A2, preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> Ø arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase.
  2. Decreased vascular permeability, preventing macrophages & leucocyte migration.
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> Decreased IL-6, IL-8 Prod.
  4. Inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 and decrease cytokine prod.
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186
Q

Frunevetmab (Anti-Nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies)

A

Target NGF binding to TrkA receptor

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187
Q

Furosemide (Loop Diuretic)

A

Loop of Henle, Na+, K+ & Cl- transporter inhibition
-> Na+ & K+ excretion, Mg2+ and Ca2+ increase.
Short T1/2 -> t.i.d.

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188
Q

Fenleuton (Leukotriene synthesis inhibitor)

A

LTC4, LTD4 & LTE4 inhibition -> Bronchodilation.

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189
Q

Famotidine (Antiulcer)

A

H2 – Competitive Antagonist on parietal cells

-> HCL prod. decreases.

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190
Q

Fertirelin (GnRH Analogue)

A

Do not give P.O.

Stim. LH & FSH production from the hypophysis.

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191
Q

Flurogeston (Progestogen)

A

Ewe oestrus synch.

Bind to and activate the P4 receptor.

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192
Q

Fludrocortisone (Mineralocorticoid)

A

Treats Addison’, replace endogenous aldosterone or lack thereof.

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193
Q

Finasteride (Anti-androgen)

A

Specific inhibitor of Type II 5α-reductase, preventing T converting to DHT.

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194
Q

Flucloxacillin (Penicillin)

A

PBP binding, inhibiting PGlycan synthesis and inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Time-dependent Bactericidal & PAE Penicillinase stable penicillin Staphylococcus

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195
Q

Florfenicol (Phenicol)

A

Allowed in FPA,
Inhibit 50S Ribo subunit Bacteriostatic
Gram + & Gram -, Aerobic and Anaerobic Only
AB licensed for fish in the EU

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196
Q

Fosfomycin (AB)

A

UTIs, Gram pos & neg Bactericidal MRSA effective

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197
Q

Flumequine (2nd gen. FQ)

A

Weak gram neg. activity
Good against Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas in fish
Bind to DNA and gyrase and inhibit their activity

198
Q

Furazolidone (Nitrofuran)

A

Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Nitrofuran reductase -> toxic metabolite -> destroys DNA & ribosomes
Enterobacteriaceae Gram neg

199
Q

Famciclovir (Anti-viral)

A

Prodrug, CATS, DNA polymerase inhibitor, DNA viruses only, Herpes
Purine analogue

200
Q

Fluconazole (Anti-fungal)

A

Triazole,

Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase so lanosterol cannot convert to ergosterol -> membrane disruption

201
Q

Formaldehyde (Disinfectant)

A

Alkylate the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups of microbial proteins and RNA & DNA
Carcinogen.
Kills everything.

202
Q

Fenbendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

BZ carbamate
Prodrug of Oxfendazole
AC, AN
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism.

203
Q

Flubendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

Halogenated BZ carbamate AN, AC
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism

204
Q

Febantel (Anthelmintic)

A

Pro-benzimidazole (Prodrug of fenbendazole) AN, AC
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism.

205
Q

Flumethrin (Ectoparasiticide)

A

2nd gen. Pyrethroid
Varroosis in Bees
Repellent and contact poison
Open Na+ Channels -> constant depolarisation

206
Q

Fluralaner (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist + Glutamate gated Cl- channel antagonist, Arachnids
3 months protection

207
Q

Fipronil (Ectoparasiticide)

A

GABA antagonist
DO NOT use in rabbits
Resistance

208
Q

Glycopyrrolate (Parasympatholytic)

A

mACh rec. antagonist

209
Q

Gabapentin (Antiepileptic)

A

Exact mechanism is unclear
N type Ca2+ channel blocker
NMDA antagonist à reducing neuropathic pain

210
Q

Guaifenesin (Myorelaxant & Expectorant)

A

Used as a myorelaxant in Equine anaesthesia -> Exact mechanism is unknown
Secondary effect: Enhances ciliary movement only
Can be combined with antitussives

211
Q

Gonadorelin (GnRH analogue)

A

Stimulates FSH and LH production and secretion from the hypophysis
Horse, Swine & Rabbit Oligopeptide -> Do not give P.O.

212
Q

Glucagon (Insulin-antagonist)

A

Involved in the Somogyi rebound effect -> hypoglycaemia

induced hyperglycaemia due to compensatory release of glucagon

213
Q

Glipizide (p.o. Antidiabetic)

A

Type-2 non-insulin dependent diabetes
Increases release of insulin and cell sensitivity
Increase no. of insulin recc.
Decrease binding of insulin to plasma proteins Decreased glucagon release

214
Q

Gentamycin (AG)

A

Used in combo with penicillin
Pseudomonas is sensitive (7 – 10 days s.i.d. IV) Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Interrupts normal protein synthesis -> 30S ribo. Subunit
Oxidative stress ->lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage
PAE
Aerobic Gram – Staphylococcus (G+)
Fastidious

215
Q

Gamithromycin (Macrolide)

A

50S ribo. Subunit inhibitor
Bacteriostatic
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious

216
Q

Ganciclovir (Antiviral)

A

IV only
Purine analogue
Irreversibly binds DNA polymerase

217
Q

Griseofulvin (Antifungal)

A

Accumulates in skin and nails
Inhibits microtubule formation -> mitotic spindle is disrupted -> fungistatic activity
Active transport uptake into dermatophytes

218
Q

Glutaraldehyde (Disinfectant)

A

An oil.

Alkylate the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl & sulfhydryl groups of microbial proteins and RNA-DNA

219
Q

Homatropine (Parasympatholytic)

A

Short-acting mACh antagonist

220
Q

Halothane (Inhalant anaesthetic)

A

Banned in EU.

Binds to K channel in cholinergic neurons, also binds to NMDA and Ca channels.

221
Q

Hydrocortisone-aceponate (GC)

A
  1. Inhibits phospholipase A2, preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> Ø arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase.
  2. Decreased vascular permeability, preventing macrophages & leucocyte migration.
  3. Inhibit kappa B -> Decreased IL-6, IL-8 Prod.
222
Q

Hydroxyzine (1st gen. antihistamine)

A

Inverse agonists of H1 -> Inactive

223
Q

Heparin (Anticoagulant)

A

Thrombin + VII, IX, X & XII clotting factors inactivated.

Antithrombin and heparin form a complex -> conformational change.

224
Q

Hydralazine (Vasodilator)

A

Inhibits inositol trisphosphate induced Ca2+ release from the SR in arterial SM cells

225
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (Natriuretic)

A

Affects DT of nephron, inhibits sodium, chloride co-transporter -> Na+ and H20 excretion. Increases K+ levels and Ca2+ levels decrease

226
Q

HCG (Non-pituitary gonadotrophin)

A

Secreted from the chorionic portion of the human placenta, LH activity -> ovulation, nymphomania Tx.
Males: Tx cryptorchidism when no anatomical abnormality is present.

227
Q

Hexachlorophene (Antiseptic & substituted phenol)

A

Bacteriostatic, Gram +, few Gram -, Prolonged use -> fungicidal
AT activity -> Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation process.

228
Q

Hydrogen peroxide (Supf. Antiseptic)

A

Liberates oxygen when in contact with catalase present in wounds and MMs. Removes pus and cellular debris from tissue.

229
Q

Halofuginon (Anticoccidial)

A

Quinazoline deriv. Mechanism is unknown.

230
Q

Ipratropium (Parasympatholytic)

A

mACh antagonist -> bronchodilation

231
Q

Isoflurane (Inhalant anaesthetic)

A

GABA agonist

232
Q

Insulin (Anti-diabetes)

A
  1. Increases IC uptake of glucose, AAs, FA and K+,
  2. Increase glucose metabolism,
  3. Increase protein synthesis
  4. Deposit fat and glycogen.
233
Q

Imipenem (Carbapenem)

A

Gram pos and neg,
Bactericidal
PBP binding and cell wall disruptor via PGlycan synthesis inhibition
Kills all.

234
Q

Idoxuridine (Antiviral)

A

Pyrimidine analogue, herpes, DNA viruses, inhibition of DNA polymerase

235
Q

Itraconazole (Anti-fungal)

A

Triazole

Inhibits 14α-sterol demethylase, inhibiting lanosterol converting to ergosterol -> cell membrane disruption

236
Q

Imidocarb (Anti-protozoal)

A

Carbanilide derivative

Bind to DNA & interfere with replication. Babecidal and trypanocidal effects

237
Q

Ivermectin (Anthelmintic & Ectoparasiticide) ENDETOCIDE MACROCYCLIC LACTONE

A

Avermectin Macrocyclic Lactone Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate and GABA gated Cl- channel recc. in nematodes and arthropod nerve cells -> Cl- influx -> Paralysis AN
DO NOT give to MDR-1 breeds
Fleas only

238
Q

Indoxacarb (Ectoparasiticide)

A 
Sodium channel blocker -> hyperpolarisation Prodrug
Selective toxicity (Cleavage of methoxy group) 
Ø Ticks
239
Q

Imidacloprid (Neonicotinoid insecticide)

A

Ach agonist (nACh)
Fastest acting 1st gen.
Ø Ticks

240
Q

Lidocaine (LA)

A

Amide type
Block Na channels
Does not cause vasodilation
Rapid onset of action
Epidural
No Neg. inotropic effect, can be used in heart failure
Immediate Tx of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
Can act as an antiemetic by anaesthetising the stomach mucosa

241
Q

Lisinopril (ACE Inhibitor)

A

Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme converting Ang I to Ang II -> No vasoconstriction -> Decreases preload NOT a prodrug, no liver activation

242
Q

Lorazepam (BZD)

A

Good as an anticonvulsant
Anxiolytic
Amplify the inhibitory effect of GABA, eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA receptor complex -> opening of Cl- channels -> positive allosteric modulators
Flumazenil is the antidote

243
Q

Levetiracetam (Antiepileptic)

A

Used in combo with PB
Not a monotherapy
Status epilepticus
Modulation of synaptic NT release via binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A in the brain.

244
Q

Loratadine (Antihistamine)

A

2nd gen.

Inverse agonist of H1 receptor

245
Q

Lokivetmab (Anti-IL 31 monoclonal antibody)

A

DO NOT give to cats (No therapeutic effect, may elicit an immune response)
Neutralise IL-31 The “itch messenger”

246
Q

Losartan (Ang II Rec Antagonist)

A

Ang II Rec antagonist

No bradykinin activation

247
Q

Lansoprazole (PPI)

A

Prodrug -> activated in parietal cells
Once protonated, lansoprazole will react with cysteine residues on parietal H+, K+-ATPase resulting in stable disulphides

248
Q

Lactulose (Osmotic Laxative)

A

Absorbs water
Activated in the colon and degraded by bacteria into lactic acid and acetic acid -> luminal pH decreases -> Ammonia producing bacteria are reduced -> decreased ammonia absorption as ammonia is protonated into ammonium which cannot be absorbed -> good for hepatic encephalopathy
Long term use

249
Q

Liquid paraffin (Coating agent)

A

Softens faeces and lubricates them Does not cause Dx
ADEK can dissolve in this
Not for long term

250
Q

Levofloxacin (FQ – 3rd gen)

A

G+ & G-
Pseudomonas
Intracellular pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complex of Type II topoisomerase & (DNA gyrase in G-) & Type IV topoisomerase in G+ -> bacterial death Bactericidal Enterobacteriaceae, mycoplasma and chlamydia, streptococci

251
Q

Levamisole (Anthelmintic)

A

Imidazothiazole
Widespread resistance in Bo and Ov -> Withdrawn
Agonists of nACh receptors of nematodes -> stimulate ganglion structures in somatic muscle cells of nematodes -> sustained muscle contractions followed by a neuromuscular depolarising blockade -> paralysis
High dose -> inhibition of fumarate reductase
Migrating larvicidal
Adulticidal

252
Q

Lotilaner (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist, glutamate gated Cl- channel antagonist
Fleas, ticks, mites and demodex

253
Q

Lincomycin (Lincosamide)

A

50S ribo subunit inhibition Bacteriostatic
G+ anaerobic, NOT fastidious Mycoplasma, Lawsonia, campylobacter Swine dysentery but Tylvalosin is better Combined with spectinomycin -> Synergism Does not treat UTI Dysbacteriosis and tissue irritation
DO NOT ADMN TO HORSES!!!!!!!

254
Q

Levocetirizine (Antihistamine)

A

2nd gen.

H1 inverse agonists

255
Q

Levothyroxine (Synthetic thyroxine)

A

Treat hypothyroidism

256
Q

Lomustine (Antineoplastic)

A

Alkylating agent
Metabolites cause alkylation & cross-linking of DNA & RNA, inducing cytotoxicity. Other biologic effects incl. inhibition of DNA synthesis & some cell cycle phase specificity. Lymphoma & Mastocytoma

257
Q

Lasalocid (Anti-coccidial)

A

Ionophore anti-coccidial

Interrupts ionic haemostasis -> osmolysis

258
Q

Milbemycin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic lactone)

A

Macrocyclic lactone -> DO NOT give to turtles GluCl and GABA agonist -> let Cl- into the cells causing paralysis
Mange, demodex (1x daily), myiasis, ticks DO NOT gives to MDR-1 gene breeds e.g., collie

259
Q

Montelukast (Leukotriene rec. antagonist)

A

Leukotriene rec. antagonist (CysLT1)

260
Q

Meloxicam (NSAID)

A

COX inhibitor with preference to COX-2 Antiendotoxin

261
Q

Morphine (Opioid)

A

Full μ agonist
Cause excitation in Fe & Eq
Histamine Release

262
Q

Medetomidine (Alpha 2 agonist)

A

Presynaptic α-2 adrenergic rec. agonist
Inhibits the release of norepi.
Activation of the post-synaptic α-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreasing blood pressure & HR

263
Q

Midazolam (BZD)

A

Mediated through the inhibitory NT GABA -> increases the activity of GABA -> sedative effect

264
Q

Methohexital (Injectable anaesthetic)

A

Barbiturate
Binds with a Cl- ionophore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time the Cl- ionophore is open -> prolongs the post- synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA

265
Q

Metoprolol

Sympatholytic & Class II Antiarrhythmic (2nd Gen)

A

β-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist

266
Q

Methadone (Opioid)

A

Full μ agonist

267
Q

Metomidate (Injectable anaesthetic)

A

Binds with a Cl- ionophore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time the Cl- ionophore is open -> prolongs the post- synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA

268
Q

Methocarbamol (Central muscle relaxant)

A

Action mediated through blocking spinal polysynaptic reflexes, decreasing nerve transmission in spinal & supraspinal polysynaptic pathways, & prolonging the refractory period of myocytes

269
Q

Mepivacaine (LA)

A

Blocks Na+ channels

270
Q

Metamizole (NSAID)

A

Minor analgesic
Mainly COX-3 but not specific
DO NOT USE IN CATS -> Excitation
Dogs & Rodents Spasmolytic

271
Q

Mavacoxib (NSAID)

A

COX-2 selective

Dog

272
Q

Methylprednisolone (GC)

A

Middle long-acting
1. Inhibits phospholipase A” on cell membranes -> prevents breakdown of
lysosomal membranes -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase or PG synthesis
2. Decrease vascular permeability Inhibits IL production

273
Q

Mycophenolate mofetil (Immunosuppression)

A 
Purine analogue
Prodrug
Plasma esterase -> mycophenolic acid 
Selective, uncompetitive, and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase -> Inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis 
Specific to T & B lymphocytes
274
Q

Methotrexate (Immunosuppression)

A

Folic acid antagonist

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor

275
Q

Mexiletine (Class I B antiarrhythmic)

A

Inhibits the inward sodium current req. for the initiation & conduction of impulses -> reducing the rate of rise of the AP, Phase 0. It achieves this reduced sodium current by inhibiting sodium channels.
Decreases the effective refractory period

276
Q

Mannitol (Osmotic diuretic)

A

Elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, incl. the brain & CSF, into interstitial fluid & plasma.

277
Q

Menbutone (Hepatoprotectant)

A

Cholagogue
Stimulates the hepato-digestive activity in case of digestive disorders & hepatic insufficiency by increasing bile, pancreatic & peptic secretion between 2 to 5 times their normal values

278
Q

Methionine (Hepatoprotectant)

A

Tx for hepatic lipidosis

Methyl donor -> optimise live function Lipotropic agents Mechanism unclear

279
Q

Mirtazapine (Appetite stimulant & SSRI)

A

Best appetite stim. esp. in cats

Not fully described but likely antagonises 5-HT2c receptor

280
Q

Metoclopramide (Antiemetic)

A

Dopamine antagonist

DO NOT GIVE TO MDR-1 gene breeds

281
Q

Maropitant (Antiemetic)

A

Neurokinin-1 antagonist

Acts on P-substance too

282
Q

Magnesium oxide (Antiulcer)

A

Neutralises acids

Mild laxative

283
Q

Magnesium hydroxide (Antiulcer)

A

Coats mucosa

284
Q

Magnesium Sulphate (Osmotic laxative)

A

Retain water in the GIT lumen

285
Q

Montmorillonite (Adsorbent)

A

Antidiarrheal

286
Q

Melatonin (Hormone)

A

Sleep-wake cycle

287
Q

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Progestogen)

A

Inhibits the production of gonadotropin, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation

288
Q

Megestrol acetate (Progestogen)

A

Inhibits the production of gonadotropin, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation

289
Q

Methimazole (Hormone)

A

Tx Hyperthyroidism
Interferes (or compete) with thyroid peroxidase
(early step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

290
Q

Meropenem (Carbapenem)

A 
Gr + & -
PBP binding 
Interrupts P Glycan synthesis 
Interrupts cell wall synthesis 
Bactericidal
Kills all
291
Q

Minocycline (TTC)

A 
30S Ribo subunit inhibitor 
Long acting 
Bacteriostatic 
Bactericidal at high conc. 
In urine Aerobic & anaerobic
G+ & -
292
Q

Mupirocin (Antibiotic)

A

Bacteriostatic
8x normal dose -> bactericidal
Reversibly inhibits isoleucyl tRNA synthetase -> protein synthesis deceases
G+ cocci

293
Q

Marbofloxacin (FQ)

A 
Gen. 2b
G- & G+
Pseudomonas
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA enzyme complexes of type II topoisomerase (DNA Gyrase in G-) & IV topoisomerase in G+
Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
294
Q

Metronidazole (Anti-protozoa)

A

DO NOT ADMIN TO FPA
Ferredoxin oxireductase reduces its nitro group into nitro radical
Inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with DNA & causing a loss of helical DNA structure & strand breakage

295
Q

Mitoxantrone (Antineoplastic)

A

Intercalates into DNA through H-bonding, causes crosslinks & strand breaks. Interferes with RNA & is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II, an enzyme responsible for uncoiling & repairing damaged DNA

296
Q

Masitinib (Antineoplastic)

A

Specific tyrosine-kinase inhibitor that targets the c-Kit pathway
Exerts direct antiproliferative actions on mast cells through disruption of the stem cell factor
Mast cell tumour Tx

297
Q

Miconazole (Anti-fungal)

A

Topical

Inhibits 14α-sterol demethylase preventing ergosterol forming from lanosterol

298
Q

Monensin (Anticoccidial)

A

Monensin consists of 3 furan rings & 2 pyran rings. The rings are arranged in a circle with their polar oxygen atoms pointing to the cation that is buried at the centre, partially screening its electric charge. The hydrophobic regions of the rings, face outwards & mediate the interaction of the ion with the lipid bilayer.

Basically Na+ influx -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis & K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> death

299
Q

Maduramicin (Anticoccidial)

A

DO NOT admin with Tiamulin
Na+ influx -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis & K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> death

300
Q

Miltefosine (Anti-protozoal)

A

Tx Leishmania
Inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis-like cell death
Anticancer & Antimicrobial

301
Q

Methylene blue

A

Fungicide (Fish medicine)

302
Q

Malachite green

A

Fungicide & antiparasitic (Fish medicine)

303
Q

Mebendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

BZ Carbamate
AN AC
Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation by binding to the colchicine sensitive site of the tubulin -> degenerative effect on the tegument & intestinal cells of the worm
Inhibit cellular transports & energy metabolism.

304
Q

Moxidectin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic lactone)

A

Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate & GABA gated chloride channel recc. in nematode & arthropod nerve cells -> channels open -> influx of Cl- -> paralysis of pharynx, body walls & the uterine muscles of nematodes
AN & Arthropods

305
Q

Methoprene (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Juvenile hormone analogue
Inhibit larval development
Found in digested blood -> larva food
If they survive -> deformed

306
Q

Neomycin (AG)

A 
Incorrect protein synthesis
30S ribo. Subunit.
Oxidative stress -> lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage
Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Most toxic AG
Aerobic Gram Negs Staphylococcus (G+)
Fastidious
PAE
307
Q

Neostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)

A

Inhibits AChE -> Cholinergic Effect
Myasthenia gravis Tx, Increase intestinal motility
Antagonise competitive neuromuscular blocking agents e.g., Rocuronium

308
Q

Naloxone (Opioid)

A

Full μ-antagonist

309
Q

Nitenpyram (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Neonicotinoid insecticide (ACh agonist) -> 560x greater affinity to nACh recc. of parasites -> paralysis and death

310
Q

Norepinephrine (Sympathomimetic & Catecholamine)

A

α-1 agonist & β-1 agonist

α-2 presynaptic neuron -> sleep & wakefulness Vasoconstriction

311
Q

Nitro-glycerine (Vasodilator)

A

NTG -> NO -> Guanylate cyclase activated -> cGMP -> Activates kinase dependent phosphorylation -> SM relaxation -> Vasodilation
Decreases after- & preload

312
Q

Nimesulide (NSAID)

A

COX-2 selective

Platelet activating factor

313
Q

Na-chromoglycate (Chromone)

A

Inhibit mast cell degranulation

314
Q

Nandrolole (Anabolic Steroid)

A

Appetite stim., haematopoiesis, weight gain

315
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Nitrofuran)

A

Conc. Dependent Bactericidal Nitrofuran-reductase -> toxic metabolite -> DNA, RNA destroyed
Gram Negs, Coccidia, some Protozoa

316
Q

Natamycin (Antifungal & Polyene AB)

A 
Fungistatic and fungicidal at lower pH
K+ efflux, H+ influx -> Acidic pH 
Disrupt membrane by binding to an ergosterol binding site -> permeability change YEAST
DO NOT inject IV -> Toxic
Local treatment
317
Q

Naftifine (Antifungal)

A

Allylamine

Squalene epoxidase inhibitor -> No conversion of squalene to lanosterol

318
Q

Nystatin (Antifungal)

A

Fungistatic and fungicidal at lower pHK+ efflux, H+ influx -> acidic pH Membrane disruption by binding ergosterol binding site -> permeability change

319
Q

Narasin (Chemoprophylaxis Ionophore Anticoccidial)

A

Monovalent
Eimeria, Toxoplasma, G+ cocci, Campylobacter etc
Poultry
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metals cations -> alteration in transport processes -> Na+ influx is increased -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death

320
Q

Nicarbazin (Anti-coccidial)

A

Carbanilide deriv. Poultry
CHPR
Unknown mechanism of action
Coccidiostat

321
Q

Netobimin (Anthelmintic)

A 
Prodrug of Albendazole 
Probenzimidazole
AC, AT (AN when converted to Alben.) 
Converted in Liver
Can be injected
1o : Inhibit tubulin polymerisation 
2o: Inhibit cellular transport and energy metabolism
322
Q

Niclosamide (Anthelmintic)

A

Salicylanilides
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation process, H+ ions leak in, Vermicidal
AC - Tapeworms

323
Q

Omeprazole (PPI)

A

Bind to the cysteine via disulphide bridges on the alpha subunit of the H+/ K+ ATPase pump, inhibiting gastric acid secretion

324
Q

Oclacitinib (JAK inhibitor)

A

Inhibits JAK-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 & IL-31

325
Q

Oxytocin (Hormone)

A

Synthesised in Hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Positive feedback. Oxytocin will bind to the oxytocin receptors on the myometrium leading to increased IC calcium in myofibrils -> contraction

326
Q

Oxyclozanide (Anthelmintic)

A

Salicylanilides. AT, AN.
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation processes. Allow hydrogen ions to leak through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Vermicidal.

327
Q

Oxfendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

Fenbendazole sulphoxide.
BZ Carbamate.
Inhibit tubulin polymerisation by binding to the colchicine sensitive site of tubulin, leading to degenerative alterations in tegument and the intestinal cells of the worm.

328
Q

Oseltamivir (Anti-viral)

A

Prodrug. Neuraminidase inhibitor.
Influenza
Orally, Parvovirus

329
Q

Ortho-phenylphenol (Fungicide & Disinfectant)

A

Bactericidal and virucidal.

330
Q

Ondansetron (Antiemetic)

A

Most potent antiemetic.

5-HT antagonist (CTZ & Vagus Nerve & GI Tract)

331
Q

Oxytetracycline (Natural TTC)

A

Bacteriostatic. Short-acting.
Inhibit 30S ribo. Subunit.
High conc. -cidal functional integrity of cell membrane is lost, only in urine -> UTI

332
Q

OrganoPhophates (Parasympathomimetic)

A

Irreversible inhibition of AChE. SLUDGE signs

333
Q

Oxymetazoline (Sympathomimetic)

A

α-adrenoceptor agonist (α1 mainly). Reduces nasal congestion via vasoconstriction

334
Q

Oxycodone (Opioid)

A

Full μ agonist

335
Q

Oxybuprocaine (Ester LA)

A

Block Na+ channels -> Block AP gen.

336
Q

Olsalazine (Anti-inflammatory)

A

Cleaved in the intestine into 5-aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine) by gut bacteria. Exact mechanism is unknown and used to treat dogs with chronic colitis.

337
Q

Procaine (LA)

A

Blocks Na Channels

338
Q

Phenylbutazone (NSAID)

A

DO NOT admin to Dobermann Pinscher
Mainly used in Horses
Acidic
Binds and inactivated prostaglandin H synthase & prostacyclin synthase through peroxide mediated deactivation

339
Q

Paracetamol (NSAID)

A

COX-3 inhibitor

Found the CNS and produces PGs -> pyrexia and pain sensitisation

340
Q

Phenobarbital (Antiepileptic)

A

Do not use in liver disease -> reactive oxygen spp.
Autoinduction in Fe
GABAA agonist -> increasing synaptic inhibition -> increased seizure threshold

341
Q

Propionyl promazine (Phenothiazine)

A 
D2
mACh
H1
α- adrenoceptor 5-HT
Antagonist of all
342
Q

Promethazine (Phenothiazine)

A 
D2
mACh
H1 (increased effect) 
α- adrenoceptor 
5-HT (anti effect)
Antagonist of all
343
Q

Pentobarbital (Antiepileptic)

A

Barbiturate Overdose -> Euthanasia GABAA Receptor Agonist

344
Q

Pilocarpine (Direct Parasympathomimetic)

A

ACh agonist

345
Q

Physostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)

A

Inhibit AChE -> increased ACh levels

346
Q

Pyridostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)

A

Inhibit AChE -> increased ACh levels

347
Q

Phenylpropanolamine (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

Mainly acts on α-1 receptor (agonist)

348
Q

Phenylephrine (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

Mainly acts on α-1 receptor (agonist)

349
Q

Propranolol (Sympatholytic)

A

Non-specific β-antagonist

350
Q

Prazosin (Sympatholytic)

A

Specific α-1 antagonist -> urethra sphincter relaxation

351
Q

Phenoxybenzamine (Sympatholytic)

A

Non-specific α-antagonist -> urethra sphincter relaxation

Long Duration Of Action

352
Q

Propentofylline (Methylxanthine)

A

Derivative of theophylline

Positive inotrope and chronotrope Inhibits PDE Antagonist of A2 receptors Used as a bronchodilator Give b.i.d.

353
Q

Potassium bromide (antiepileptic)

A

Use with PB or alone in mild cases Act on GABAA Receptor -> opening cl- ion channels (Bromide is like Chlorine) Non-specific -> inhibits the nerve
No metabolism needed
DO NOT give to cats
Very long half life

354
Q

Pancuronium (Peripheral myorelaxant)

A

Amino steroid
Competitive neuromuscular blocking agent Liver metabolism
No His release
Long DOA
No CVS effect & no Norepi release Decreased blood coagulation -> heparin release from mast cells
Mydriasis in birds

355
Q

Prilocaine (LA)

A

Blocks Na Channels

Most rapid clearance

356
Q

Piroxicam (NSAID)

A

Oxicam
Used in human medicine -> bladder and prostate tumours
COX inhibitor (2 preferred)

357
Q

Prednisolone (GC)

A

Inactive form -> activated in the liver Middle long acting Transcortin bound
Shock Tx
1. Inhibits phospholipase A” on cell membranes -> prevents breakdown of lysosomal membranes -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase or PG synthesis
2. Decrease vascular permeability
3. Inhibits IL production

358
Q

Pimecrolimus (Immunosuppressant)

A

Cytokine gene expression inhibitor
Calcineurin inhibitor
Local atopic dermatitis, KCS

359
Q

Procainamide (Class I. A Arrhythmic)

A

DO NOT give to heart failure patients -> neg. inotropic & arrhythmogenic
Treats ventricular anaemias
Na channel blocker Open -> inactive state

360
Q

Pimobendane (PDE inhibitor)

A

Phosphodiesterase (3) inhibitor -> cAMP accumulates in myocardial cells -> Ca2+ conc. Increases -> positive inotropic effect Arterial and venodilation -> decreases water content -> decreases preload
DO NOT give to patient with a stenosis

361
Q

Prazosin (Sympatholytic)

A

α-1 antagonist
Urethra sphincter relaxation
Dilates vessels

362
Q

Protamine (Heparin antagonist)

A

Antagonises heparin -> binds to heparin and creates a salt

363
Q

Propofol (GA)

A

General anaesthetic -> induction GABAA agonist
Short acting
Appetite stim.

364
Q

Prucalopride (Prokinetic)

A

Affects the entire GIT
No arrhythmic effect
Selective stim. of 5-HT4 rec. No interaction with hERG channel or 5-HT1 rec which significantly reduces the CVS risk found in other similar drugs.

365
Q

Pantoprazole (PPI)

A

Prodrug -> activated in parietal cells of the mucosa
Inhibit CYP
Form disulphide bonds with cysteine on the gastric acid pump inhibiting it.

366
Q

Potassium citrate (Osmotic laxative)

A

Retains water in the lumen of the GI
DO NOT give to dehydrated animal
Can be given rectally too

367
Q

Phenolphthalein (Stimulant laxative)

A

Stimulate SM contraction

Red or pink faeces discolouration and urine also NOT for severe constipation -> perforation

368
Q

Proligeston (Progestogen)

A

Weak gestagen
Act like progesterone
Has antigonadotrophic effects in cats and dogs

369
Q

Procaine benzylpenicillin (Narrow spectrum penicillin)

A

PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes Piglets are sensitive -> no enzyme to breakdown procaine
Eq doping register

370
Q

Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Narrow spectrum penicillin)

A

Primarily used in poultry
Clostridium is sensitive
Necrotic enteritis
PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis
Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes

371
Q

Piperacillin (Pseudomonas active penicillin)

A

Active against Beta lactamase
PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis
Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes

372
Q

Polymyxin B (Polymyxin)

A

Conc. Dependent bactericidal Interact with cell membrane of bacteria & disrupt their permeability & function (Cationic detergent action Antiendotoxin also
Gr – only
Pseudomonas active
His releaser

373
Q

Pradofloxacin (FQ – 4th gen)

A

G+, G-, Pseudomonas, Anaerobes, IC pathogen Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA – enzyme complex of type II topoisomerase (G- DNA Gyrase) and type IV topoisomerase in G+

374
Q

Posaconazole (Antifungal)

A

Triazole

Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase Prevents lanosterol converting to ergosterol

375
Q

Ponazuril (Anti-coccidial)

A

Sulphone metabolite of toltrazuril
Active against all IC stages – asexual stages of coccidia by inhibiting nuclear division of schizonts & microgamonts
-cidal
Inhibits sporulation

376
Q

Paromomycin (Anti-protozoa)

A

AG antibiotic
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 16S ribosomal RNA Anti-leishmania (combine with Na- stibogluconate)
-> interferes with parasite mitochondrial activity
Crypto, amoeba and histomonas

377
Q

Povidone iodine (Disinfectant)

A

Iodophor

Bacteria, viruses & fungi, less so against spores

378
Q

Peracetic acid (Antiseptic)

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeast

Not inactivated by peroxidase or catalase

379
Q

Potassium permanganate (Antiseptic)

A

Oxidative Algaecide, virucide

380
Q

Pyrantel (Anthelmintic)

A

Tetrahydropyrimidines Cholinomimetic activity, ganglion stimulant, interact with nerve transmission leading to spastic paralysis
AN (Except migrating larvae & Trichuris spp) Only in Horses: AC -> tapeworm

381
Q

Praziquantel (Anthelmintic)

A

Induce spastic paralysis in the parasite Interfere with IC Ca2+ conc., impairing motility & function of the suckers of cestodes
AC -> Tapeworms
Echinococcus spp. AT -> Tropical blood fluke
NO AN EFFECT

382
Q

Phoxim (Organophosphate)

A

Large animals
DO NOT use in Felines
Contact poison
Irreversibly inhibit AChE -> Accumulation of ACh is toxic
mACh rec -> Heart, eyes and bronchiole -> constriction nACh -> Muscles -> tremors etc
CNS -> Convulsions
Atropine!!!!!

383
Q

Propoxur (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Carbamate
Fleas and ticks
Collars, aerosols and shampoos Inhibit AChE
Irreversibly inhibit AChE -> Accumulation of ACh is toxic
mACh rec -> Heart, eyes and bronchiole -> constriction nACh -> Muscles -> tremors etc
CNS -> Convulsions

384
Q

Permethrin (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Pyrethroids
Open sodium channelsàconstant depolarisation “knock down effect” Repellent and contact poison
Resistance is common in fleas
Flies
Cats can be sensitive -> Collars and spot ons available

385
Q

Pyriproxyfen (Ectoparasiticide)

A

Juvenile hormone analogue
Does not work on adults
Inhibit larval development or if they survive, they will be deformed
Active in digested blood -> Larva food

386
Q

Quinidine (Class I.A Antiarrhythmic)

A

Negative inotropic
DO NOT admin in heart failure
Can have anticholinergic effects Na-channel blockers (membrane stabilisers) Increases? Effective refractory period

387
Q

Robenacoxib (NSAID)

A

COX-2 Selective inhibitor

Only Coxib licensed for cats

388
Q

Rifampin (Rifamycin)

A

Prophylaxis of meningococcal disease Tuberculosis Tx and other Mycobacteria Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
Inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β subunit of the polymerase
Gram +
Some non-enteric gram negs
Induces liver microsomal enzymes & enhances the metabolism of other drugs such as anti- coagulants, contraceptives and corticosteroids
Red orange faeces, urine, tears and sweat

389
Q

Ranitidine (Gastric Acid Inhibitor and Prokinetic drug)

A

H2-antagonist

Mild AChE inhibitor -> cholinergic effect -> increased motility

390
Q

Ranevetmab (Anti-NGF Monoclonal antibody)

A

Stops NGF binding to TrkA receptor

391
Q

Romfinidine (α2-agonist)

A

α2-agonist

392
Q

Rocuronium (Myorelaxant – Intermediate)

A

Selectively antagonise nACh recc., preventing endogenous ACh binding & subsequent muscle cell depolarisation

393
Q

Ramipril (ACE inhibitor)

A

Prodrug of ramiprilat

Inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, preventing vasoconstriction

394
Q

Ropinirole (Emetic)

A

Eye drop
D2 rec agonist -> CTZ
Can be readministered after 20 mins

395
Q

Ronidazole (Nitroimidazole)

A

In anaerobic conditions, toxic metabolites e.g., nitro group, destroy the DNA of bacteria or protozoa
Ferredoxin
Obligate anaerobes e.g., fusobacterium Protozoa e.g., Giardia
Bactericidal

396
Q

Selegiline (Anti-depressant)

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

397
Q

Salbutamol (Specific Sympathomimetic)

A

Short – acting β-2 agonist

398
Q

Salmeterol (Specific Sympathomimetic)

A

Long – acting β-2 agonist

399
Q

Suxamethonium (Depolarising muscle blocking agent) (Succinylcholine)

A
  1. Stimulates opening of nACh rec. channels causing depolarisation of the cell membrane,
  2. Persists at the neuroeffector junction, continuously activating the nACh rec. channels, leading to inactivation of voltage – gated Na channels, this then prevents them reopening to support more APs.
400
Q

Sevoflurane (Inhalant anaesthetic)

A

Binds to GABA receptor (agonist)

401
Q

Sufentanil (Opioid)

A

μ Agonist

402
Q

Sodium Salicylate (NSAID)

A

COX-2 Selective (Calves, Swine & Poultry)

403
Q

Sulfasalazine (Systemic SUA)

A

Ø Cats! Compete w/ Dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing PABA incorporating into Folic acid. IBD Tx
Bacteriostatic

404
Q

Sotalol (β Blocker)

A

More selective to β-1. Neg. chronotropic & inotropic effects.
Increases refractory period of AV node -> Decreasing HR

405
Q

Spironolactone (Aldosterone Comp. Antagonist)

A

Inhibits aldosterone dependant Na-K exchange channels in the DCT. Increases Na & H2O excretion -> Antihypertension, may cause hyperkalaemia. CHF Tx

406
Q

Sylimarin/ Sylibinin (Hepatoprotectant)

A

Antioxidant and decreases lipid peroxidation, stabilises membranes. Increases regeneration Decreases collagen stimulus.

407
Q

Stanozolol (Anabolic Steroid + Appetite Stim.)

A

Binds to androgen receptor such as Stanozolol

Binding Protein

408
Q

Sucralfate (Coating Agent, Duodenal ulcers)

A

Sucrose octa sulphate binds to damaged proteins and inactivates pepsin and bile acids. Aluminium hydroxide acts as an antacid and coating agent.

409
Q

Sodium sulphate (Osmotic Laxative)

A

Water retention in GI

410
Q

Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Osmotic Laxative)

A

Water retention in GI

411
Q

Sulbactam (β lactamase inhibitor)

A

Inhibits β Lactamase

412
Q

Streptomycin (Aminoglycoside)

A

Causes inappropriate protein synthesis, targets the 30S ribo. Subunit. Conc. Dependent Bactericidal

413
Q

Spectinomycin (AG – Aminocyclitol)

A

Bacteriostatic AG, least toxic, 30S ribo. subunit

414
Q

Spiramycin (Macrolide)

A

50 S ribo. Subunit, Bacteriostatic

415
Q

Sulfadimidine (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic

416
Q

Sulfadiazine (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic

417
Q

Sulfachlorpyridazine (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic

418
Q

Sulfachlorpyrazine (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Anti-coccidial and anti-protozoal action. Bacteriostatic

419
Q

Sulfamethoxazole (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic

420
Q

Sulfadoxine (Systemic SUA)

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic

421
Q

Sulfaquinoxaline (Systemic SUA

A

Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Anti-coccidial and anti-protozoal action. Bacteriostatic

422
Q

Sparfloxacin (3rd Gen. FQ)

A

Gram + (More pronounced) & -, Pseudomonas & Intracellular organisms.
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of type IV Topoisomerase -> Cell death. Conc. Dependent bactericidal and PAE

423
Q

Salinomycin (Anticoccidial)

A

Ionophore AB.
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cation -> Na+ influx -> proton exchange for Na leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death

424
Q

Semduramycin (Anticoccidial)

A

Ionophore AB.
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cation -> Na+ influx -> proton exchange for Na leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death

425
Q

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentavalent antimonial)

A

Leishmania Tx, Toxic in dogs, Interacts w/ purine synthesis of Leishmania, forming toxic ATP.

426
Q

Sodium Hypochlorite (Chlorine Disinfectant)

A

Bleach. 0.5% solution can be used to irrigate wounds, but it dissolves blood clots and delays clotting.

427
Q

Sodium Dichloroisocyanate (Chlorine disinfectant)

A

Disinfects drinking water

428
Q

Sodium Hydroxide (Alkali disinfectant)

A

Caustic alkali disinfectant used against fowl cholera and pullorum disease.

429
Q

Selamectin (Macrocyclic Lactone)

A

Avermectin. Binds to glutamate and GABA-gate Cl- channel recc. in nematodes and arthropod (Fleas) nerve cells causing potentiation of inhibitory transmitters.
Channels open -> Cl- influx.
Paralyse nematodes.

430
Q

Sarolaner (Endectocide)

A

Isooxazoline.

GABA antagonist, glutamate-gated CL- channel antagonist. 1 month action on Ticks and Fleas, mites and demodex also.

431
Q

Triamcinolone (GC – Medium long acting)

A
  1. Inhibits phospholipase A2 on cell membranes, prevents breakdown of
    lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase expression -> No leukotriene or PG synthesis.
  2. Decrease vascular permeability preventing migration of macrophages
    and leucocyte.
  3. Inhibits kappa B->Decreased
    interleukin prod.
432
Q

Tramadol (Opioid) Full μ-agonist

A

Full μ-agonist

433
Q

Torsemide (Loop Diuretic)

A

Loop of Henle

NKCC (Na+, K+, Cl-) pump inhibition Increased Mg2+ & Ca2+ excretion Mild ani-aldosterone activity Decreases preload

434
Q

Tazobactam (β-Lactamase inhibitor)

A

Inhibits β-Lactamase “Suicide inhibitor”

435
Q

Thiethylperazine (Phenothiazine)

A 
D2-antagonist 
mACh-rec antagonist 
α-adrenoceptor antagonist 
H1 antagonist
5-HT antagonist
436
Q

Tetracosactide (ACTH)

A

Combines with a receptor in the cell membrane of adrenal cells -> increases synthesis of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis Cholesterol -> pregnenolone Increased cortisol & corticosterone

437
Q

Trilostane

A

Selective inhibition of 3-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Decreased steroid hormone production, androgen & oestrogen metabolism Involved with Cushing’s Syndrome

438
Q

Ticarcillin (Pseudomonas active penicillin)

A

Active against β-lactamase
Binds to PBP -> Disrupts cell wall due to decreased PGlycan synthesis
Time Dependent Bactericidal Anaerobic bacteria, G+ & G- Reserved for human use

439
Q

Tobramycin (AG)

A

Conc. Dependent bactericidal Interrupts normal protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribo. Subunit
Oxidative stress -> Lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is sensitive
PAE
Gram negative Aerobic Staphylococcus (G+)

440
Q

Tropicamide (Parasympatholytic)

A 
mACh antagonist (non-selective) 
Inhibits pupil constrictor muscle
441
Q

Theophylline (Methylxanthine)

A

Antagonist of adenosine A2 receptors

Inhibits PDE

442
Q

Tulathromycin (New Macrolide)

A 
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. 
Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit 
Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Not for lactating animals
443
Q

Thiopental (Ultra short acting barbiturate)

A

DO NOT readminister
Binds to GABAA Receptor.
Increase CL- ionophore opening

444
Q

Tetracaine (LA)

A

Blocks Na+ channels

Ester type

445
Q

Tubocurarine (Myorelaxant)

A

Long acting
Competitive neuromuscular block (nACh)
His release

446
Q

Tacrolimus (Immunosuppressant)

A

T cells only
Calcineurin inhibitoràprevents IL-2 expression.
Mastocyte inhibition + decreased IL & TNF-α expression

447
Q

Tetracycline (TTC)

A

Bacteriostatic
-CIDAL in urine
Short acting
Passively passes through porin channels & inhibits 30S ribo. Subunit and inhibits protein synthesis
Aerobic & anaerobic, G+ & G- Mycoplasma v sensitive to TTCs Rickettsia & Chlamydophilae first line of defence
Resistance common

448
Q

Tildipirosin (New Macrolide)

A

Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Long DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Mycoplasmas are not sensitive Fastidious +++

449
Q

Tylvalosin (New Macrolide)

A

Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile
Mycoplasma +++ Fastidious +
Used in Swine and Avian Lawsonia intracellularis Swine dysentery.

450
Q

Tylosin (Macrolide)

A 
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. 
Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit 
Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Lawsonia intracellularis in Pigs 
Tylvalosin is better
451
Q

Tilmicosin

A

Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious
DO NOT give IM or IV Cardiotoxic in Su, Goats and Ho Mycoplasma

452
Q

Tannic acid (Adstringent)

A

Vasoconstriction (α-1 rec)
Albumin bound
Prevents Dx

453
Q

Teicoplanin (Glycopeptide)

A

Inhibit PGlycan synthesis. Destroy cell wall. Gram + cocci. Time dependent bactericidal (Enterobacteriaceae - bacteriostatic close) Bind to transglycosidase

454
Q

Trimethoprim (DAP)

A

Inhibits dihydropteroate reductase converting Dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid -> prevents purine formation -> No DNA Anti-protozoal
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G-
DO NOT give to horse IV -> Death

455
Q

Tinidazole (5-nitroimidazole)

A

DO NOT give to FPA,
Prodrug
Antiprotozoal
Converted to metronidazole by ferredoxin oxireductase
Produces a free radical, damaging DNA -> Cell death

456
Q

Telmisartan (Angiotensin II receptor inhibitor)

A

Angiotensin II inhibition

No bradykinin effect

457
Q

Timolol (Sympatholytic)

A

Non-specific β-antagonist

458
Q

Tegaserod (Prokinetic drug)

A

Serotonin agonist

459
Q

Trypan Blue (Antiseptic)

A

Azo dye

Gram -

460
Q

Tiamulin (Pleuromutilin)

A 
Bacteriostatic
50S ribo. Subunit
DO NOT admin with ionophore anticoccidials -> LETHAL
G+, Fastidious +
Mycoplasma +++
461
Q

Triclabendazole (Anthelmintic)

A

Halogenated BZ carbamate

AT Only: F. hepatica

462
Q

Tigemonam (Monobactam)

A

G–
Pseudomonas
Β-lactamase resistant
Disrupt cell wall synthesis -> PBP binding Bactericidal

463
Q

Theobromine (Xanthine deriv)

A

Inhibits PDE & Adenosine A2 rec. antagonist

464
Q

Thiamphenicol (Phenicol)

A 
Poultry
50S ribo. Subunit
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G-
Aerobic and Anaerobic
DOES NOT cover Pseudomonas Mycoplasma, rickettsia & chlamydia but TTC 1st choice
465
Q

Tetramethrin (Ectoparasiticide)

A 
1st gen. pyrethroid
Opens Na+ channels -> constant depolarisation -> “Knock down effect”
Fleas are resistant
Effective in ticks
Contact poison and repellent
466
Q

Tiletamine (injectable anaesthetic)

A

NMDA rec. antagonist

467
Q

Toceranib (Antineoplastic)

A

Specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Carcinomas & Mast Cell tumours

468
Q

Trifluridine (Antiviral)

A

Pyrimidine analogue.
Inhibit DNA polymerase
Defective protein synthesis DNA viruses only

469
Q

Tincture of Iodine (Disinfectant)

A

2% I & 2.4% NaI in 50% ethanol

G+, G-, Spores, Fungi & viruses

470
Q

Terbutaline (Sympathomimetic)

A

Long acting β-2 agonist -> Increase cAMP

471
Q

Toltrazuril (Anticoccidial)

A 
Triazine deriv.
1. Inhibits nuclear division of schizonts
and macrogamonts
2. Inhibits wall-forming bodies of
macrogamonts
3. Inhibits sporulation.
472
Q

Terbinafine (Antifungal)

A

Squalene-epoxidase inhibitor.

No conversion of squalene to lanosterol

473
Q

Trypan red (Dye)

A

Azo dye

G-

474
Q

Ursodeoxycholic acid (Hepatoprotectant)

A

Decrease biliary cholesterol by suppressing hepatic synthesis of cholesterol & inhibiting
internal absorption preventing cholesterol gallstones

475
Q

Vecuronium (Myorelaxant)

A

nACh rec antagonist at post-junctional membrane of the myoneural junction -> No muscle contraction

476
Q

Valsartan (Angiotensin II rec antagonist)

A

Angiotensin II antagonist

477
Q

Vedaprofen (NSAID)

A

COX-2 selective NSAID used in Eq

478
Q

Voriconazole (Antifungal)

A

14α-sterol demethylase inhibitor Prevents lanosterol converting to ergosterol -> membrane disfunction

479
Q

Valnemulin (Pleuromutilin)

A

50S ribosome subunit inhibitor -> No protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
DO NOT combine with an anticoccidial ->lethal (Respiratory depression)
Gram +

480
Q

Vinblastine (Antineoplastic)

A

Inhibits microtubule polymerisation by binding to tubulin subunits
TCC & Mastocytoma

481
Q

Vincristine (Anti-Neoplastic)

A

Inhibits microtubule polymerisation by binding to tubulin subunits
Lymphoma & Sarcoma

482
Q

Vancomycin (Natural Glycopeptide)

A

Bactericidal
Enterococci -> Bacteriostatic Inhibits PGlycan synthesis -> destroys cell membrane
Gram + & Cocci

483
Q

Vidarabine (Antiviral)

A

Competitively inhibits DNA polymerase. Herpesvirus, DNA viruses only

484
Q

Verapamil (Anti-arrhythmic – Class IV)

A

Ca2+ channel blocker
Neg. inotropic effect. Ca2+ channel (L-type) inhibitor. Refractory period of AV node is increased-> slows conduction
SM relaxation also

485
Q

Xanthacridine (Antiseptic)

A

Acridine dye

Gram +

486
Q

Xylazine (α-2 agonist)

A

α-2 agonist

487
Q

Xylometazoline (Specific sympathomimetic)

A

α-adrenoceptor agonist (Mainly alpha 1 -> Vasoconstriction)

488
Q

Yohimbine

A

α-2 adrenergic antagonist

489
Q

Zolazepam (BDZ)

A

Combo with Ketamine -> Ataranalgesia Amplifies the inhibitory activity of GABA by eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA- receptor complex -> Cl- channels open (Positive allosteric modulator)

490
Q

Zileuton (Respiratory drug)

A

Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase -> leukotriene

synthesis reduces -> LTC4, LTD4 & LTE4

491
Q

Zidovudine (Antiviral)

A

Binds to reverse transcriptase & inhibits RNA – DNA transcription

492
Q

Zafirlukast (Respiratory drug)

A

Leukotriene antagonist

Pharma (2 decks)

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