Mary

Question 1

What was the significance of Calais?

Answer 1

It was the last trait of traditional rule over France and was symbolically important (not economically)

Question 2

Who did Mary marry? When?

Answer 2

Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V.

25th July 1554.

Question 3

Why was a treaty created when Mary married?

Answer 3

The public feared a marriage to a foreigner so a treaty was made to diminish their fear.

Question 4

What 3 things did the treaty do? (Mary marriage treaty)

Answer 4

1. Philip should have no regal power in England
2. No foreign appointments would be made to the privy council
3. England would never be involved in or pay costs towards any of Philip’s wars

Question 5

What 3 reasons did people have to disapprove of Mary’s marriage?

Answer 5

1. It would be a threat to protestantism
2. They were xenophobic
3. Parliament feared that Philip would involve England in the Habsburg-Valois wars in Europe, despite the marriage treaty of 1554

Question 6

When was the Wyatt’s rebellion?

Answer 6

1554

Question 7

When did Mary begin to burn heretics?

Answer 7

February 1555

Question 8

Name 3 prominent leaders who were burnt for heresy

Answer 8

Archbishop Cranmer
Bishop Hugh Latimer
Bishop John Ridley

Question 9

Where were the number of burnings highest?

Answer 9

South East England & East Anglia

Question 10

What is John Lotherington’s interpretation towards Mary’s religious policies?

Answer 10

“Protestantism benefited from her reign”

Question 11

How many MP’s opposed the reversal of Edwards religious legislation?

Answer 11

A substantial minority of around 80

Question 12

Name 3 problems Mary faced with Parliament

Answer 12

1. Philip was refused coronation in 1555. In 1554 Parliament rejected a Bill which included Philip in the protective clauses in a proposed law on treason
2. Mary and Reginald Pole wanted to reunite the English church with Rome on terms which would reform church lands. However, the nobility and laity became self-interested property rights ensured that ex-monastic property wouldn’t be restored to the church.
3. Parliament refused to confiscate the lands of exiled Protestants. A Bill to allow the capturing of emigrated Protestants property was defeated in 1555. Parliament denied Mary the right to confiscate the land of 800 or so who had fled to Protestant places such as Frankfurt, Zurich, Geneva.

Question 13

What 3 naval reforms were introduced?

Answer 13

1. 6 new ships
2. £14,000 budgeted to the navy
3. New methods of raising troops

Question 14

What 2 reforms were introduced to relieve the poor?

Answer 14

1. Enforced laws against grain hoarders

2. Encouraged people to convert from pasture land to tillage.

Question 15

Loyal supporters of Mary.

Answer 15

Rochester and Waldegrave. Were inexperienced in politics so couldn’t be in Mary’s council.

Question 16

Working council board

Answer 16

Much smaller groups of 50 councillors. Included Gardiner (never trusted him as he failed to support her mother), Winchester and Paget (lost trust in Paget due to his opposition of the Restoration of the English church with Rome).

Question 17

Trusted group of advisors

Answer 17

Cardinal Pole - never a member of the PC Husband Philip Simon Renard, ambassador of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor

Question 18

3 Economic policies

Answer 18

1. Marian Book of Rates
2. Taxation should be used in both times of peace and war in order to fund govt spending
3. Mistake to remit (cancel) Edwards last subsidy. Brought her popularity but damaged economy.

Question 19

5 Religious problems that faced Mary at the start of her reign.

Answer 19

1. Strong protestant supporters in London and the South
2. Reformed church was in statute law
3. Political elite did not want to surrender their land gains
4. 80 MP’s voted against the repeal of Edwards religious laws
5. 800 political elites went into exile to Strasbourg, Geneva and Frankfurt

Question 20

5 Religious policies at the beginning of her reign

Answer 20

1. Prominent protestant clergy, including 7 bishops were deprived of their living and in some cases imprisoned
2. Foreign protestants were forced to leave England, although most had already left voluntarily
3. Repeal of Edwards religious laws October 1553
4. Deprivation of married clergy. Over 1/4 of married clergy in London and Norwich were deprived of their living
5. Heresy laws 1555

Question 21

Parliaments opposition to religion

Answer 21

Reluctant to introduce heresy laws between April and May 1555

Question 22

4 pieces of evidence that Catholicism came from below

Answer 22

1. Mass was sung in Lancashire in 1553
2. Altars were rebuild in parishes and Catholic rituals were brought back
3. Parishes were re-introducing church service books and the church plate
4. Gold and silver that should have been destroyed in Edwards reign, reappeared