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Research Methology > Mandatory Reading > Flashcards

Mandatory Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What is the APA Ethics Code?

A

Guidelines set by the American Psychological Association for ethical research practices in psychology.

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2
Q

What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A

Committee responsible for ensuring ethical standards in research involving human subjects.

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3
Q

What is Informed Consent?

A

Process by which participants are fully informed about the research and voluntarily agree to participate.

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4
Q

What is Deception in Research?

A

Intentional withholding of information from participants, only permitted when necessary and with strict guidelines.

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5
Q

What is Probability Sampling?

A

Sampling method where each member of a population has a known, non-zero chance of selection.

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6
Q

What is Nonprobability Sampling?

A

Sampling method where some members of the population have no chance of selection.

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7
Q

What is a Construct?

A

Theoretical concept measured indirectly through observable behaviors in psychological research.

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8
Q

What is Reliability?

A

Consistency of a measurement or test across different instances or time points.

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9
Q

What is Validity?

A

Degree to which a measurement accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure.

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10
Q

What is a Nominal Scale?

A

Scale of measurement used for categorical data without a specific order.

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11
Q

What is an Ordinal Scale?

A

Scale of measurement for data with an ordered ranking but no defined intervals.

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12
Q

What is an Interval Scale?

A

Scale with ordered intervals but no true zero, used for measuring psychological constructs.

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13
Q

What is a Ratio Scale?

A

Measurement scale with ordered intervals and a true zero point, suitable for most quantitative research.

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14
Q

What is Hypothesis Testing?

A

Statistical method used to determine the likelihood of a hypothesis being true.

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15
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis that there is no effect or difference, used as a starting point for testing.

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16
Q

What is a Type I Error?

A

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis, finding a false positive result.

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17
Q

What is a Type II Error?

A

Incorrectly failing to reject the null hypothesis, missing a true effect.

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18
Q

What is Effect Size?

A

Magnitude of the difference or relationship between variables, independent of sample size.

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19
Q

What is the Power of a Statistical Test?

A

Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis, related to sample size and effect size.

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20
Q

What is a Between-Subjects Design?

A

Experimental design where different groups are exposed to different levels of the independent variable.

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21
Q

What is a Within-Subjects Design?

A

Design where the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.

22
Q

What is Counterbalancing?

A

Method to control for order effects in repeated measures designs by varying the sequence of conditions.

23
Q

What is Experimenter Bias?

A

Influence of the researcher’s expectations on the outcomes of the study.

24
Q

What is Participant Bias?

A

Influence of participants’ expectations or behavior in response to perceived cues in the study.

25
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A

Change in participants’ behavior due to awareness of being observed.

26
Q

What is a Single-Factor Design?

A

Experimental design with only one independent variable.

27
Q

What is a Multilevel Independent Groups Design?

A

Design involving different groups for each level of the independent variable with multiple levels.

28
Q

What is Construct Validity?

A

Degree to which a test or instrument accurately measures the construct it claims to measure.

29
Q

What is Statistical Conclusion Validity?

A

Extent to which conclusions about relationships or differences are accurate and reliable.

30
Q

What is External Validity?

A

Extent to which results can be generalized beyond the specific study context.

31
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

Degree to which the observed effects are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors.

32
Q

What are Confounding Variables?

A

Extraneous variables that could affect the results if not controlled in an experiment.

33
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

Process of assigning participants to groups by chance to reduce bias.

34
Q

What is Matching?

A

Pairing participants with similar characteristics before random assignment to control for potential confounds.

35
Q

What is a Double-Blind Procedure?

A

Research method in which neither participants nor experimenters know who is in the control or experimental group.

36
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

Cues that influence participants’ behavior in ways they believe are expected by the researcher.

37
Q

What is a Main Effect?

A

Effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, averaged over other variables in a factorial design.

38
Q

What is an Interaction?

A

When the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of another variable.

39
Q

What is a Factorial Design?

A

Experimental setup involving multiple independent variables and their interactions.

40
Q

What is a Mixed Factorial Design?

A

Design with at least one between-subjects and one within-subjects independent variable.

41
Q

What is a P x E Design?

A

Design that includes both manipulated variables (P) and subject variables (E) in factorial setups.

42
Q

What is a Placebo Control Group?

A

Control group receiving an inert treatment to assess the psychological impact of receiving treatment.

43
Q

What is a Wait List Control Group?

A

Control group not receiving treatment initially, used to assess the impact of treatment timing.

44
Q

What is a Yoked Control Group?

A

Control group matched to the treatment group on certain conditions but without receiving the actual treatment.

45
Q

What are John Stuart Mill’s Rules?

A

Rules of inductive logic that support experimental design by outlining conditions for inferring causation.

46
Q

What are Extraneous Variables?

A

Variables that could impact results but are not of primary interest in the study.

47
Q

What are Descriptive Statistics?

A

Statistics that summarize the data from a study sample.

48
Q

What are Inferential Statistics?

A

Statistics that allow conclusions about a population based on sample data.

49
Q

What is a Researcher’s Ethical Responsibility?

A

Researcher’s obligation to ensure ethical standards are met in all aspects of the study.

50
Q

What is Scientific Fraud?

A

Intentional deception in reporting or conducting research, including data falsification.

Research Methology (3 decks)

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