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Histology Unit 7 > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

overview

A
  • testes-spermatogenesis
  • genital ducts-intratesticular and excretory
  • accessory glands- seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral, glands of littre
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2
Q

functions of testes

A
  • produce spermatozoa (exocrine)

- produce steroid hormones (endocrine)

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3
Q

structure of testis

A
  • tunica vaginalis
  • tunica alnuginea
  • mediastinum testis
  • testicular lobules
  • seminiferous tubules
  • tubuli recti
  • rete tesis
  • ductuli efferentes
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4
Q

tunica vaginalis

A
  • extension of abdominal peritoneum
  • covers anterolateral surface of testis
  • inner visceral (adheres to tunica albuginea) and outer parietal layer
  • simple squamous epithelium
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5
Q

tunica albuginea

A

-capsule of dense irregular CT covering testis

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6
Q

mediastinum testis

A
  • thickening of tunica albuginea on posterior surface
  • vessels and ducts pass through it
  • projects inward to form incomplete septa dividing testis into lobules
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7
Q

testicular lobules

A
  • 250 per testis

- consists of 2 components- seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue

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8
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • site of spermatogenesis
  • convoluted U shaped tubules beginning and ending at mediastinum
  • lined with stratified germinal epi
  • speratogenic cells and sertoli cells
  • tunica propria has myoid cells and fibroblasts
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9
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonia
  • mitotic division of spermatogonia
  • meiotic division of spermatocytes
  • differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis)
  • occurs in seminiferous tubules- inward direction from basal lamina toward lumen
  • take 64 days
  • requires testosterone
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10
Q

spermatogenesis 2

A
  • type a spermatogonia- stem cells
  • to progenitor cells
  • to type B
  • to primary spermatocytes
  • then meiotic division to secondary spermatocytes
  • then to spermatids
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11
Q

spermiogenesis

A
  • final step in spermatogenesis
  • conversion of spermatids into spermatozoa
  • involves no cell division
  • occurs while spermatids are bound to sertoli cells
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12
Q

histology of sertoli cells

A
  • tall columnar epithelial cells that sit on basal lamina and extend to lumen
  • apical and lateral processes envelope spermatogenic cells
  • euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus (shape and position varies)
  • tightly connected to neighboring sertoli cells via occluding junctions
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13
Q

functions of Sertoli cells

A
  • support, protection, and nutrition for germ cells
  • mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites
  • phagocytosis- residual bodies and degenerating spermatogenic cells
  • secretion of testicular fluid and androgen binding proteins, and inhibin
  • blood testis barrier- protects sperm from blood borne toxic agents and isolates antigenic germ cells from immune system
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14
Q

interstitial tissue

A
  • tissue between seminiferous tubules
  • consists of nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, CT
  • leydig cells
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
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15
Q

leydig cell

A
  • produce >95% of testosterone
  • active for 4 month in male fetus and then quiescent until puberty
  • large round or polygonal cells with central nuclei
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in smooth ER and lipid droplets
  • cytoplasm may contain yellow-gold liopfuscin, which increases with age
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16
Q

factors affecting spermatogenesis

A
  • dietary deficiencies
  • general or local infections
  • systemic diseases
  • steroid hormones
  • toxic chemicals
  • ionizing radiation
  • elevated testicular temp-hot tubs or cryptorchidism
17
Q

genital ducts

A
  • intratesticular- tubuli recti (straight), rete testis, ductuli efferentes (scalloped, cilia to move spermies)
  • excretory ducts-ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra
18
Q

epididymis

A
  • crescent shaped structure on surface of testis
  • divided into head, body, tail
  • ductus epididymis
  • smooth muscle cells surround ductus- thin circular layer in head and body (rhythmic contractions help move sperm), thick band with three layers in tail helps expel spermies
  • loose CT- rich in blood caps
19
Q

ductus epididymis

A
  • highly coiled
  • pseudostratified columnar epi
  • basal cells- round stem cells
  • principal cells- tall columnar cells with sterocilia
  • basal lamina
20
Q

functions of ductus epididymis

A
  • maturation of sperm
  • acquire motility, addition of decapacitation factor
  • reabsorption of remaining testicular fluid
  • phagocytosis of remaining residual bodies and degenerating sperm
  • principal reservoir for mature sperm in tail
  • contraction of smooth muscle layers in tail expel sperm during ejaculation
21
Q

ductus deferens

A
  • straight tube with thick muscular wall
  • ascends along posterior border of testis
  • enters abd as part of spermatic cord
  • distal end enlarges to form ampulla
  • empties into prostatic urethra via ejaculatory duct
22
Q

histology of ductus deferens

A
  • narrow lumen
  • pseudostratified columnar epi with sterocilia
  • lamina propria rich in elastic fibers
  • mucosa is folded near distal end
  • smooth muscle divided into inner and outer longitudinal and middle circular layers
  • strong contractions during ejaculation
23
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • pair of tubular glands
  • posterior surface of bladder
  • parallel to ampulla of vas deferens
  • each consists of a single convoluted tube that joins the ampulla of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
24
Q

seminal vesicle secretion

A
  • pale yellow viscous substance rich in fructose
  • contributes 70% of volume of ejaculate
  • forced into ejaculatory ducts via contraction of smooth muscle during ejaculation
  • helps flush sperm out of urethra
25
Q

prostate

A
  • largest accessory genital gland
  • size and shape of a walnut
  • inferior to urinary bladder
  • surround prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts
  • composed of a cluster of tubuloalveolar glands
26
Q

transition zone

A
  • 5-10 % of gland volume
  • near prostatic urethra
  • origin of 20% of cancers
  • BPH
27
Q

central zone

A

25% volume
surrounds ejaculatory ducts
-origin of 1-5% of cancers

28
Q

peripheral zone

A

70% volume
origin of over 70% of cancers
-palpable during digital rectal exam

29
Q

histological prostate

A
  • fibroelastic capsule surrounds prostate and penetrates it to divide it into 40 lobules
  • 30-50 compound tubuloalveolar glands opening into prostatic urethra or prostatic sinus
  • pseudostratified epi with basal cells, columnar secretory cells and neuroendocrine cells
  • fibromuscular stroma surrounds glands, responsible for expulsion of fluid during ejaculation
  • prostatic concretions frequently observed in lumen, increase with age
30
Q

prostate secretion

A
  • thin milky fluid produced by tall columnar epi cells
  • rich in citric acid and acid phosphatase
  • contains proteolytic enzymes that liquefy semen
  • contains serine proteases known as prostate specific antigen- PSA
31
Q

clinical correlations

A
  • chronic prostatitis
  • BPH
  • cancer
32
Q

BPH

A
  • expansion of glandular epithelial cells, forming nodules
  • originates in transition zone, leading to compression of urethra
  • incidence increases with age, but symptoms only evident in 5-10% of cases
33
Q

prostate cancer

A
  • second most common cancer in men
  • incidence increases with age
  • majority of men with the disease will not die of it
  • PSA screening- prostate cancer cells overproduce PSA and release it into circulation
  • dramatically increased early detection of cancer
  • increased levels alone not diagnostic, need needle biopsy
34
Q

screening?

A
  • healthy, asymptomatic men should not get routine PSA screening
  • goal is to reduce deaths- doesn’t do anything over 70, 50-69 screening has minimal benefit
  • treatment causes harm- surgical complications, incontinence, impotence
  • grade D recommendation
35
Q

treatment

A
  • restricted to prostate- watchful waiting, surgery, radiation, androgen suppression
  • if mets- androgen suppression
36
Q

semen

A
  • fluids and spermatozoa from testes
  • secretions from ductus epididymis, bulbourethral glands, glands of littre, prostate, seminal vesicles
  • 3 ml, 95% vol from accessory glands
  • 100 million sperm/ ml
  • fresh ejacualte is a coagulum that gradually liquefies
37
Q

ejaculation

A
  • SNS stim of smooth muscle associated with excretory ducts and accessory glands
  • contraction of smooth muscle results in expulsion of secretory products from glands and movement of sperm and fluids along duct system
38
Q

ejaculatory sequence

A
  1. bulbourethral and littre- 0.1-0.2 ml
  2. prostatic fluid and sperm 0.5 ml
  3. seminal vesicle fluid 1.5-2 ml

Histology Unit 7 (4 decks)

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