MAIN POINTS

Question 1

5 main reasons for the growing of urban slums

Answer 1

1) Large-scale migration from rural areas to cities

2) Rapid urbanization

3) Poverty

4) Lack of government planning

5) Discrimination and social exclusion

Question 2

8 aspects of Eagen’s wheel for sustainable communities

Answer 2

Great tasty eggs, sweet, salty, eat eggs hot.

Government

Transportation & Connectivity

Environment

Social & Cultural

Services

Equity

Economy

Housing

Question 2

Gentrification Example

Answer 2

Mumbai –> leads to urban slums

Question 2

How to improve the life of people living in slums?

Answer 2

Affordable Housing (subsidised housing)

Improved Infrastructure

Education and Employment (accessible education and more job opportunities)

Question 3

Population Momentum

Answer 3

The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been achieved because of the relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing year

Question 4

Pro-natalist policy/ Anti-natalist policy

Answer 4

Pro-natalist: High birth rate (Russia) (tax incentive, childcare service, propoganda)

Anti-natalist: Low birth rate (China one child policy)

Question 4

Limitations for demographic transition models

Answer 4

The DTM doesn’t consider other demographic variables like migration, age, and gender distribution

Question 5

Types of population pyramids

Answer 5

Constructive: These pyramids have a narrow base and a thicker middle and top, and are often found in developed economies. They represent a population with a low birth rate and a long life expectancy.

Expansive: These pyramids have a wide base and a narrow top, High birth rate and a high mortality rate, Developing countries.

Stationary: Each age group has an equal proportion of the population. Population size is stable, Ex. Austria

Question 5

Consequences of IR

Answer 5

The development of new cities and towns.

Factories were only constructed in cities.

Anyone who wanted a job was forced to migrate from a rural area to the city.

Mass migration resulted in overpopulation

Question 5

Can population political intervention of population policies be sustainable?

Answer 5

Population policies can be sustainable if they are well-designed and consider the needs of the environment and human welfare.

Ex.
Investing in women’s empowerment, healthcare, and family planning: This policy can help to achieve a rapid decline in birth rates, as seen in Kerala, India.

Question 6

Ad/ Disad for Capitalism and Communism

Answer 6

Communism:
Ad- Equality, Basic Needs are met, Public good
Disad- Less incentive to grow, Planning issues, Less individual freedom

Capitalism:
Ad- Efficiency, Innovation, Economic growth
Disadv- Bad worker conditions, Environment degradation, Exploitation of workers

Question 7

Subsides

Answer 7

Financial support from the government to incentivise lower prices so people can afford them.

They provide subsides when there is a positive externalities to cover the cost of production.

Question 8

Leakages/ Injections

Answer 8

Leakages: Taxes, Savings, Import

Injections: Investment, Government spending, Export

Question 9

Causes of inflation

Answer 9

Demand-pull inflation: Products or services not keeping up with the demand

Cost-push inflation: Cost of products and service increase, forcing business to increase their price

Built-in inflation: Workers demanding more wages to sustain livelihood to keep up with high prices.

Question 10

Pros of inflation/ deflation

Answer 10

Inflation: Higher resell values, encourage spending

Deflation: Reduct Debt burden, Increased profit for businesses because of low prices for raw goods

Question 11

5 ways governments intervene to keep economy stable?

Answer 11

Taxations
Changing interest rate
Price floors- MRP
Trade policies
Subsides
Price Ceilings

Question 12

Type of Foreign Aid (3)

Answer 12

i) Humanitarian aid: Provides support for issues like poverty, disease, or natural disasters. This can include relief workers, medical assistance, and food and supplies.

ii) Multilateral aid: Several countries share funds to support foreign organizations like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

iii) Official development assistance (ODA):
Aid from national governments to promote economic development and welfare in low and middle income countries.

Other types of foreign aid include:
Training services, Health care, Education, Infrastructure building, Peacebuilding, and Military support.

Question 13

Income inequality in globalisation

Answer 13

Globalization can lead to uneven wealth distribution, where the world’s richest countries continue to dominate world trade

Increase the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers

Outsourcing for cheap labour

Elephant Graph

Question 14

Development indicators (5)

Answer 14

Human Development Index (HDI)

Infant mortality rate

Literacy rate

GNP per capita

Life expectancy

Question 15

Economic Growth/ Development

Answer 15

Growth: Refers to the increase in a country’s GDP and production of goods and services but does not account for social welfare, informal economies, or environmental impacts

Development: Focuses on improving living standards, education, healthcare, and sustainability, emphasizing long-term well-being over mere economic output

Question 16

Why does income inequality exist (5)

Answer 16

Education Disparities: Unequal access to quality education leads to skill gaps and lower earnings for less-educated individuals.

Technological Change: Automation and innovation often benefit high-skilled workers, widening the income gap with low-skilled workers.

Globalization: Outsourcing and trade can reduce demand for domestic low-skilled labor, leading to wage suppression.

Discrimination: Gender, racial, and ethnic biases can limit opportunities for certain groups, perpetuating income disparities.

Tax Policies: Inequitable tax systems can favor higher earners, reducing redistribution of wealth.

Question 17

Poverty Cycle Consequences

Answer 17

Intergenerational Poverty: Children born into poverty face the same barriers as their parents, making it challenging to break the cycle.

Stunted Economic Growth: Societies with high poverty rates often face reduced innovation and lower overall productivity.

Increased Social Issues: Crime rates, homelessness, and poor health outcomes tend to be higher in areas with persistent poverty.

Question 18

Solutions of Poverty Cycle (5)

Answer 18

Education: Providing access to quality education and vocational training can open doors to better employment opportunities

Healthcare Access: Ensuring affordable healthcare helps individuals maintain their productivity and well-being

Economic Empowerment: Microfinance initiatives, skill development programs, and job creation in impoverished areas can help lift people out of poverty

Social and Policy Reforms: Governments and organizations must address structural inequalities through policies promoting equity, fair wages, and equal opportunities

Community Development: Building infrastructure, improving living conditions, and creating access to resources like clean water and electricity empower communities

Question 19

Significant Events of movements

Answer 19

Civil Rights: Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Led to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery

Apartheid: Sharpeville Massacre (1960): Police killed 69 peaceful protesters, drawing international condemnation

Suffragette: “Black Friday” (1910): Violent clashes between suffragettes and police during a protest against the failure of a suffrage bill in the UK