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Biology MYP > MAIN POINTS > Flashcards

MAIN POINTS Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous features

A

Similar structure, different function

Limbs of different animals such as humans, whales, etc.

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2
Q

Analogous features

A

Same function, different ancestor

Wings of birds and insects

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2
Q

Characteristics of Protista kingdom

A

Eukaryotic
Uni-Cellular
Aquatic

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2
Q

Characteristics of Monera kingdom

A

Uni-cellular
Prokaryotic
Have Cell Wall

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2
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

Transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Releasing energy from food in the presence of oxygen

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

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4
Q

5 differences between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP, Anaerobic only produces 2 ATP
Aerobic has 4 stages, Anaerobic has 2 stages
End products of Aerobic is CO2 and H2O, Anaerobic end products are alcohol, CO2, lactic acid
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic does not
Aerobic occurs in cytoplasm and mitchondria, anaerobic occurs only in cytoplasm

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5
Q

Anabolic Catabolic

A

Anabolic reaction- Photosynthesis
Catabolic reaction- Respiration

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6
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Inside mitochondrial matrix
Uses oxygen (aerobic process)
Amphibolic Pathway (catabolic and anabolic processes both)

Series of chemical reactions to produce ATP

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7
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Electrons are transferred from NaDH and FaDH to protein complexes and electron carriers.

Used to make a proton and chemical gradient

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8
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Surface Area of Leaves

Water Availability: When water is scarce, plants may close their stomata to conserve water, leading to a decrease in transpiration.
Temperature: As temperatures rise, the rate of transpiration generally increases. This is because warmer air can hold more water vapor, creating a steeper concentration gradient between the leaf and the air.

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9
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

1) Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracts and moves down
2) Volume of thorax increases, which decreases the pressure.

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10
Q

Test for carbohydrates/ stach

A

Iodine- Blue/black

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11
Q

Test for glucose

A

Heat beaker+ blue benedict’s reagent, orange/brown

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12
Q

Test for protein

A

NaOH + CuSO4, purple

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13
Q

Test for lipids

A

Alcohol, milky white emulsion

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14
Q

Function of liver and Function of gal bladder

A

Produce Bile and Store Bile

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15
Q

What is the function of pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon hormones and makes pancreatic juices which regulate blood sugar levels.

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16
Q

Lipase

A

Digests lipids

17
Q

Amylase

A

Digests starch to maltose

18
Q

Maltose

A

Digests starch to glucose

19
Q

Bile

A

Helps to break down lipids through a process called emulsification.

20
Q

Arteries adaptation

A

They have thick layers of muscle to make them strong enough to withstand the high pressure at which they carry blood

They have strong elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

21
Q

Capillaries adaptation

A

They have permeable walls so that substances can diffuse in and out
Their walls are only one cells thick which increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs

Function of capillaries: Site of exchange between blood and tissues

22
Q

Veins Adaptation

A

The walls are not thick as blood is not carried at a low pressure

They have a big lumen to help blood flow
They have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction

23
Q

Order of heart pumping blood

A

Superior and inferior vena cava bring in dexoygenated blood from the body
Goes into right atrium
Through the tricuspid valve goes into right ventricle
Through the pulmonary valve goes into pulmonary artery
Goes into the lungs ( gets oxygenated)
Goes into Left atrium
Left ventricle pumps the blood into the Aorta
Goes into the rest of the body

24
Q

Pathogens

A

Bacteria and viruses which are harmful to our body and health

Use or destroy our body cells for their own survival, causing diseases

25
Q

Parasites

A

Parasite uses the host as a source of nutrients, depriving the host of the substances it needs for its own survival

Body’s response: Produces antibodies

26
Q

Vaccines

A

Act as a trigger for body’s production of antibodies without being exposed to the pathogens

Vaccines contain fragments of pathogens that are enough to stimulate the immune system

27
Q

How do diseases get transmitted?

A

Airborne transmission

Transmission via bodily fluids

Inherited or genetic diseases

28
Q

Stimulus

A

An external or internal factor that can cause a temporary pattern change in behaviour of an organism

29
Q

Reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, motor receptor

29
Q

Reflex action

A

An immediate, unconscious response to a stimulus and provide a human with protection against a stimulus.
It is absorbed by the sensory neuron and goes straight to the spinal chord and out through the motor neuron

30
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors–> forces and movement
chemoreceptors—> chemical substance
photoreceptors–> light
thermoreceptors–>heat

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis

Regulates temperature, heart rate, blood pressure

Governs emotional behaviours

Secretes hormones that act on pituitary gland

32
Q

Benefits of cloning (4)

A

Providing new babies for infertile couples

Producing new organs for transplant that won’t be rejected

Helping ensure the survival of endangered species, and bringing back extinct animals

GMO

33
Q

DNA Replication enzymes

A

DNA Polymerase
Helicase
Primase
Ligase

34
Q

Helicase

A

Breaking the hydrogen bond that holds the DNA bases together (spilts the 2 strands)

35
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Builds new set of DNA

36
Q

Ligase

A

Glue DNA fragments together

37
Q

Primase

A

Tells the DNA Polymerase where to start building the new DNA set by creating primer

38
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme which binds to the DNA where the gene which needs to be copied starts.

Then, it moves along the gene and read the base one by one to make an mRNA strand

39
Q

Translation

A

The ribosome and mRNA strand bind together by adding one amino acid at a time

As the ribosomes move along the mRNA, the tRNA goes away and leaves the amino acids behind, and when the process it completed the ribosomes move away so the left behind amino acids can form a protein.

40
Q

tRNA

A

Carry the amino acids on the top and the anti-codon on the bottom.

The anti-codon is complimentary to the codon which codes for the amino acid on the top

They carry the correct amino acids in the correct order so the ribosomes chain them together

41
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA (3)

A

Structure: DNA is double-stranded, meaning it’s made up of two separate chains that twist into a double helix. RNA is usually single-stranded.

Function: DNA stores and transfers genetic information, while RNA creates proteins.

Bases: DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine because it lacks a methyl group in its ring.

Biology MYP (9 decks)

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