M8S1 Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood
-transporting elements throughout body (oxygen from lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissues to lungs to be exhaled)
-regulating boldly functions (ex. Body temperature and pH levels)
-protecting body through immune responses (ex. White blood cells migrate to a site of infection throughout blood)
Physical characteristics
-predictable and stable characteristics that complete its functions
1. Viscosity (thickness of fluid) - 4x more viscous than water
2. Temperature - 38 degrees Celsius
3. PH levels - range between 7.35 and 7.45
4. Volume in an individual - average is 5L
What are the 2 components of blood
- Plasma
- Formed elements
Plasma
-accounts for 55% of total volume of blood, 92% of that is water and 8% solutes
-solutes include plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin), which accounts for 7% of blood content
-also include inorganic salts (electrolytes like sodium, potassium and calcium), nutrients and organic wastes, which account for remaining 1% of blood
Formed elements
-3 types of formed elements that make up 45% of blood
- Erythrocytes
-aka red blood cells (RBCs)
-contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout body
-lack nuclei, making them “non true cells”
-8 muemeters in diameter and 2 muemeters thick
-lifespan is 120 days - Thrombocytes
-known as platelets
-smallest formed elements of blood
-hemostasis (stop bleeding)
-lack nuclei, making “not true cells”
-round or spindle shaped discs
-2-4 muemeters in diameter
-originate from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow - Leukocytes
-known as white blood cells (WBCs)
-have nucleus and do not contain hemoglobin
Divided into 2 divisions (which can be further divided into 5 different cell types)
1-Granulocytes
- feature includes granules in the cytoplasm of cell and segmented (lobed) nucleus
-3 types
-(1)-neutrophils, that most abundant cell type, making up 60-70% of all WBCs. First line of defense against a bacterial invasion and are phagocytize outside of the blood, meaning they engulf bacteria, particles and other cells. The nucleus is 2-6 lobes (usually 3) and they have small neutral coloured granules which contain lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds
-(2)-eosinophils, make up 2-4% of all WBC and help defend the body against allergic reactions or parasitic infections (infectious diseases caused by parasites such as worms and Protozoa). Nucleus is bilobed, granules stained pinkish-red, and the cytoplasm is filled with large uniform spherical granules that contain enzymes that reduce and control the spread of inflammation
-(3)-basophils, least common, making up less than 1% of WBC. The Heparin and histamine in granules of basophils released during inflammatory or allergic reactions. Nucleus has 2-3 irregular lobes and is obscured by dark staining granules. The granules in the cytoplasm contain heparin and histamine
2-Agranulocytes
-lack granules in cytoplasm
-nucleus round or indented
-2 types
-(1)- lymphocytes, account for 20-30% WBC and similar in size to red blood cels. Involved in branch of immune system that attack pathogens and abnormal cells. Nucleus is large and dark staining and the cytoplasm appears narrow rim or halo around the large nucleus (in histology a lymphocyte is pale staining and light blue)
-(2)- monocytes, account for 3-8% of WBC and very large (16-20 muemeters in diameter). During their life cycle, they can move outside blood vessels into tissue, where change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as part of immune system. The nucleus is large and oval or kidney-bean shaped. The cytoplasm is pale blue and more abundant than lymphocyte
*refer to goodnotes images
