LIT REVIEWER Flashcards
-came from the Latin word litteratura which means writing, from litteratus, learning
-covers both oral and written forms of works that manifest expressive or imaginative quality, nobility of thoughts, timelessness, and lastly, universality.
-discusses various dimensions of life as well as its miseries and glories.
Literature
__________ described literature mainly as a product or a commentary on the life process. Thus, man’s inner thoughts, feelings, and conditions can be disclosed and revealed through the power of literature.
Montealgue
_____ is a term that refers to beauty and
magnificence. Literature takes an excellent form.
Its beauty is a deliberate manifestation of the
mind’s ability to create and imagine.
Dulce
The significant truth about life that a literary work reveals should not wane and dissipate as time passes by. A work must have an enduring quality in which its beauty as well as its applicability can withstand the change of time.
Timelessness
A work must have global applicability in
which a work transcends across space.
Universality
this type of literature refers to literary works that have been written and published during the __st century, which began on January 1, 2001, and continues to the present day. This literature encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and themes, reflecting the diverse perspectives, experiences, and cultural shifts of the contemporary world
It often explores themes related to identity, globalization, technology’s impact on society, environmental concerns, social justice, and the complexities of human relationships. It also incorporates new forms of storytelling made possible by digital media, such as web novels, interactive fiction, and multimedia narratives.
21st Century Literature
-Before the coming of the Spaniards
-Considered as the first and longest history among other periods
-Customs and traditions in everyday life
-Early Filipinos depend their way of living in the environment
-Oral literature marks the birth of literature in the Philippines, serves as their language of life and their way of promoting cultural heritage
-Alphabet - ALIBATA
-Early forms of poetry were meant to be recited in a manner of songs and chants.
-Even without proper training, early Filipinos managed to show their artistic side of producing poems and other literary pieces with
measurement and unified rhyming scheme.
Pre-Colonial Period
Pre-Colonial Poetry that was used in witchcraft or enchantment especially in remote places in Visayas.
Example: Tabi-tabi po, makikiraan lang po.
Chants (Bulong)
-Truths and wise sayings
-Expression of wisdom based on common sense and real-life experiences
Proverbs (Salawikain)
A poem in quatrain containing 7 syllables
each line with a monorhyme.
Tanaga
form of lyrical expression created by
people according to their region
Folk Songs
This is a game in the form of a mystifying
question and a mind puzzle intended to be solved.
Riddles (Bugtong)
aims to give an explanation about a certain natural phenomena. These are stories of mythological creatures, legends and humans with supernatural power transmitted orally and preserved as part of the region’s history.
Prose Narratives
These are long narrative poems about
quests and exciting adventures of a hero with unusual strength and power.
Examples: Biag ni Lam-Ang, The Ulalim, Bantugan
Epics
a story of gods and goddesses told using
a traditional language explaining mysteries, beliefs and cultural practices.
Myth
stories intended to teach human values
with animals as major characters attributing human qualities
Fables
These are stories explaining origins handed down from the past and passed through different generations. This is believed by some people but not proven scientifically.
Examples: The Legend of Pineapple, The Story of Bathala
Legends
These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons.
Examples: The Boy who became a Stone, Mother Mountain
Folk Tales
Literature from this period may be classified as
-Religious prose and poetry
-Secular prose and poetry
Spanish Period
During the Spanish Period, The first Filipino alphabet, called Alibata was replaced by the _____ alphabet.
Roman Alphabet
During the Spanish Period, The teaching of _____ _____ became the basis of religious practices.
Christian Doctrine
these were brought during the Spanish Period where it became assimilated with in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
European legends and traditions
During the Spanish Period, the natives were called _______.
Indios
_____ is the term used for native literary writers during the Spanish Period,
Ladinos
This was the first book published in the Philippines. Which was a collection of prayers written in Spanish translated into Tagalog.
Doctrina Christiana
There were many _____________ plays played by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them are in poetic form.
Examples: Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong, Lagaylay
Recreational Plays
In the 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called __________, begin to write about the hitch of colonization.
These intellectuals consisted of
Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Illustrados
-Editor of the newspaper “La Solidaridad”
-His famous writing is the tale entitled “Fray Botod”
Graciano Lopez Jaena
-founded the nationalistic newspaper called “Diarong Tagalog”
-“Master of Tagalog Language”
-He wrote about patriotism
revealing the sad state of the
country and injustices towards
Filipinos.
Marcelo Del Pilar
-fondly called as “Balagtas”
-“Florante at Laura” - metrical
measurement and rhyming pattern
that creates beautiful imagery in
the readers’ eyes, reflected the
oppressive power of the Spaniards
during the Spanish-colonization era
Francisco Baltazar
The author of:
“Noli Me Tangere” (Touch Me Not) - work of the heart
“El Filibusterismo” - the work of
the mind
These reflect the current situation of
the Philippines during the
administration of the Spaniards.
Jose Rizal
“Father of Katipunan”
“Pag ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa”
Andres Bonifacio
“The Brains of Katipunan”
-Political essays using folk language
Emilio Jacinto
this movement was mostly spearheaded by the intellectual middle class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno
The Propaganda Movement
This period introduced English as the medium of instruction and administration.
Philippine literature during this period was often bilingual or multilingual.
While themes like love of country and nationalism were still present, there was also a growing influence on American culture, leading to themes of democracy, individualism, and social equality.
American Colonial Period
________ are American soldiers who came to the Philippines to become teachers
Thomasites
Philippine literature was interrupted in its development when another foreign country, Japan, conquered Philippines during 1941-1945. Philippine literature in English came to a halt.
The common theme of most poems during the occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.
Japanese Period
a poem of free verse. It was made up of 17 syllables and divided into 3 lines.
Haiku
This poem was like the Haiku, is short, but it has measure and rhyme.
Tanaga
The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit.” Literary writing in vernacular became popular. The writers had a better knowledge of their craft and enjoyed political activism.
Contemporary Period
a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of _______ _______ in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters” (Solmerano, et al., 2017).
This rank and title conferred by means of a Presidential Proclamation. It recognizes excellence in the fields of Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Broadcast Arts, and Architecture or Allied Arts.
National Artist / The National Artist Award
Born on May 4, 1917, in Paco, Manila to a colonel father and a language teacher mother, he was inclined to read at a very young age.
Having started as a scholar at prestigious schools abroad, he felt discontent with his studies. After opting to drop out of studies, his writing stints included journalism, reporter, and literary writer.
his writings are nostalgic and reminiscent of the Spanish era to which he was much known for.
-His rendition of human experience that is remote and strange using magical realism.
-Romantic and historic in style.
-His flashbacks are cinematic in effect.
-His baroque English which is heavily infused with Spanish terms.
- His writings infuse the formality of journalism and the creativity of literature.
Nick Joaquin
a Filipino poet, literary critic, short
story writer, and painter. He was
awarded the National Artist of the
Philippines title for literature in 1973.
He is known to have introduced the
“reversed consonance rhyme scheme”
in writing poetry, as well as the
extensive use of punctuation marks
especially commas, which made him
known as the Comma Poet.
He used the penname Doveglion
(derived from “Dove, Eagle, Lion”),
based on the characters he derived
from himself.
Jose Garcia Villa
Her poems were described as expressions of “verbal transfigurations of significant experiences” (NCAA, 2015). Therefore, her poems touch on people’s feelings toward a particular experience.
Together with her husband, Edilberto
Tiempo, she has been influential in
the development of Philippine
Literature in English, particularly in
fiction and poetry.
Unfortunately, she died in 2011. Even so, it is undeniable how she has still been widely studied in literature classes until the present. One such poem which made her famous is “Bonsai.”
Edith Tiempo
_________ themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
These themes may be explored through
characterization, setting, dialogue, plot, and other literary devices. Common themes in literature include love, loyalty, betrayal, identity, coming of age, and the search for meaning.
By examining these themes in a literary work, readers can gain a better understanding of the characters and their motivations, as well as the
society in which the story takes place.
Literary Themes
______ is a recurring idea or message found within a work of literature. It is usually some kind of statement about life and how it should be lived. Meaning in literature can be found in a variety of ways.
Theme
________ can be seen as an expression of an author’s values or beliefs, or simply as an interesting story. It can be interpreted differently by different readers, depending on their personal life experience.
Meaning
History created the archetype of man as
dominant: power, bravery, and of religion and
philosophy.
In the Philippines, the role of the man is
essentialized; hence, that of power, language, and perception:
“Ang ama ay haligi ng tahanan,”
“Lalaki ako, walang mawawala sa akin,”
“Ang utos ng hari ay di nababali.”
In this sense, patriarchy constitutes
the idea that man is superior and
woman is inferior.
But this notion creates a problem both
for men and women: men will
constantly uphold this notion;
whereas, women will be victimized by
this notion.
Imaging The Filipino Man
History tells us that women have
either been idolized or discriminated
against.
Binary constructs about women exist
through centuries: significant or
inessential, beautiful or ugly, the light
and the dark, the cultivator and the
destroyer.
Patriarchal society creates a rather negative notion of women. * If she speaks too much, she does not know her place, if she doesn’t speak, she is weak. *
At present, feminism tried to replace the position of women in society. Even in the Philippines, women wove their way to power and podium.
Imaging The Filipino Woman
Ever since the Philippine pre-colonial period, the family has been an important unit in society.
It is in the family that we learn fundamental truths, perspectives, and beliefs about the world.
Throughout the years, family beliefs evolved. Among the factors for such include: gender roles, patterns of authority, modern challenges on familial and kin ties, alternative family lifestyles,
diaspora, migration, intercultural marriages, and dysfunctional and broken
families.
This raises the question, what now is a family?
Representing The Filipino Family
Filipinos always follow traditions. Even in the present, even when things change some cannot remove their
sense of following traditions.
But sometimes, traditions can get away
our wants and happiness.
Exploring Filipino Traditions
Love is one of the most prevalent
subjects in literature. A literary
piece can show the love between
lovers, between family members,
between a person and his/her
belief, and even love between the
people and their country.
Discovering Love And The Filipino
Filipinos love humor. Regardless of
what the situation is, we love making
things humorous. It is unique to us. In
fact, even the idea of humor is unique
to us is humorous itself. From
mundane conversations to television
shows, even at serious moments, Filipinos find ways to inject humor in
such situations.
Filipinos use humor as a quick escape
from serious and even dire situations
that may bring negativity to people.
Laughing and having fun serve as
people’s coping mechanisms for such
instances. Such reactions bring
optimism to us; that, regardless of how difficult life gets, it will be better
soon.
But, the other side of the coin is that
we just tend to laugh our problems
away instead of dealing with them
head-on.
Exploring Filipino Humor
Sex is different than gender. Sex is the
biological make-up of a person;
whereas, gender is how a person
identifies him/her/they as. In the past,
people associate sex with what the person’s gender should be.
Therefore, men have specific roles that
society assigned to them. The same goes
for women. This made way to the theory
called gender studies and queer theory. It looked into gender issues not only for
heterosexuals but also homosexuals as the latter are often frowned upon by more traditional people. This study also looked into heterosexuals vis-à-vis other gender roles such as asexual, pansexual, bisexual, transgender, etc.
Interrogating Gender Relations and the Filipino
When talking about death, Filipinos
are optimistic and shun this topic. For
example, when an old person says that
he has a few years to live, Filipinos
would say, “No. I will die first even
before you.” We refuse to talk about
death and its nature.
We imbue religious and
superstitious beliefs and
practices regarding death. For
example, the Christian belief
that when you die you either
go to heaven or hell. Or for
instance, when talking about
someone dying, you should
knock on wood so that it will
not come true.
Filipinos also have great respect for the dead. We make it a point that when a family member dies, we attend his/her funeral or burial. Each year, we commemorate our deceased loved ones during the day of the dead in
November.
Representing Death and the Filipino
Religion plays a huge role in a
Filipino’s life. From how to treat
others to how one should act are
usually guided by our beliefs. We
also use such to deal with situations
that are difficult.
For instance, during a storm,
Filipinos pray and believe that God
will make it go away soon.
Understanding Spirituality and the Filipino
Colonization affects the Filipino’s
concept of beauty: it is diversified.
We have no standard of beauty.
Ethnicity is one of the areas of
aesthetics in the country.
In literature, aesthetics in
writing is somehow patterned
in Western constructs.
For instance, the poems of
Jose Garcia Villa and Ophelia
Dimalanta were patterned on
the the idea of romanticism
and formalism, which are
European.
Paper Texture Overlay
Smiling Woman Illustration
In cinema, mestizos and
mestizas are more favored
than ethnic-looking actors and
actresses.
The same goes for beauty
pageants. Think of Gloria Diaz
and Margarita Moran. Even Pia
Wurtzbach and Catriona Gray.
Discovering Philippine Aesthetics
War is not new to Filipino people.
We’ve had wars throughout history,
both literally and metaphorically.
Literally speaking, the Philippines
were involved in wars throughout its colonial periods. It is also involved in political wars and other conflicts in some areas within the country itself.
In literature, some writers imbue
their writings with historical details
to reflect on concepts of war and
conflict experienced by the Filipino
people.
Social stratification is reflected in
Philippine culture. From the pre
Hispanic period, social classes are
evident: nobles, free men, and
dependents. Such also causes
oppression and even violence to
people who are deemed to be in the
lower class of society
Looking At War And The Filipino
Social stratification is reflected in
Philippine culture. From the pre-
Hispanic period, social classes are
evident: nobles, free men, and
dependents. Such also causes oppression and even violence to
people who are deemed to be in the
lower class of society.
This theme is reflected in literature
as there are Filipino writers who
write about the consequences of
class stratification, feudalism,
oppression, etc.
Exploring Class Relations In The Philippines
Leaving and returning to the
homeland is one of the relevant
situations of Filipinos in present
times. There are Filipinos who have
family members who left for abroad in search of greener pastures.
Despite this, one of the characteristics that make a Filipino migrant is his/her ability to stay rooted despite being exposed to another culture that may or may not be different from his/her culture. In spite of imitating other cultures, s/he can still not remove from him/her the traces of Filipino identity s/he is used to.
Imaging The Filipino Migrant
Going back to history is one of the ways by which develops nationalism. By knowing what the country has been through, and how previous Filipinos uphold their nationalism and identity one realizes what makes a Filipino.
This is reflected in the literature of the
Philippines, as writers use history as their way of developing literary pieces to bring about the idea of Filipino identity.
For instance, one of the novels of our
national hero, Jose Rizal reflects the
struggles of the Filipinos during the
Spanish Period.
Revisiting Filipino History
The self is the starting point of knowledge. Discovering and recovering the self in this world full of hardships, confusion, and struggles is a primary aspect of knowing what life is about. As epiphanies and revelations come to us, we gain more and more understanding of the self.
Self Discover / Recovery
As we live our lives, different social institutions affect our lives and who we are.
From family to church, school, and media we are influenced by our way of thinking and doing. From these institutions, we learn about the
concept of power, control, surveillance form, reform, and transformation of individuals and communities.
Initiation to Social Processes and Institutions
Love is a beautiful thing, but a very confusing construct. Many try to give a definition of what love is, from philosophers and artists to poets and psychologists. Literature also tries to define what love is.
Love And Romance
Sex is different than gender.
Sex is the biological make- up of a person; whereas, gender is how a person identifies him/her/they as. In the past, people associate sex with what the person’s gender should be.
Therefore, men have specific roles
that society assigned to them. The
same goes for women. This made
way to the theory called gender
studies and queer theory. It looked
into gender issues not only for
heterosexuals but also homosexuals
as the latter are often frowned
upon by more traditional people.
This study also looked into
heterosexuals vis-à-vis other gender
roles such as asexual, pansexual,
bisexual, transgender, etc.
This is explored not only in Philippine
literature but also in World literature.
Gender And Sexuality
Despite being in the 21st century,
there are a plethora of countries that
do not veer away from their country’s
practices, beliefs, and traditions.
Although some embrace a more
modern way of living. Such is
reflected in literature.
Tradition And Change
People also live their lives around
beliefs in gods and spirits. They use
these beliefs to live their lives, as their
moral compass, or as a standard for
treating others. Literature also
portrays these beliefs by writers.
Faith And Religion
Appreciation and the effects of
nature on humans have served as
themes by many writers throughout
history. From the traditional poems of
Japan and China to the Romantics of
America and Europe, there is a large
body of poems, stories, and essays
about man’s interaction with nature.
Ecology And The Environment
Seeking justice or exacting justice is also aprominent theme in world literature. The story may discuss a character who seeks justice, or a character who gets justice either acting upon the situation
himself/herself or a person or institution
helps him/her get justice. There are also
literary pieces that express that injustice
sometimes happen, and the effect of such on people.
Literature And Justice
Although there is a plethora of literary pieces that discuss war and conflict, there are also writers who write about making and keeping peace. In fact, there are some who advocate it. They use literature as a platform to communicate the importance of making peace, and ending conflicts.
Making And Keeping Peace
means anything made up or shaped
(Roberts & Jacobs, 2007)
any literary piece that is prosaic,
untrue (although sometimes writers
heavily adapt what happened in real
life, but still there are more non-true
elements in it)
may be long or short
may be in the form of a short
story, a novelette, or a novel.
Fiction
is a verbal representation of a
person. The character may
constitute a real person, or in
some cases, even other creatures
can become characters (for
instance, in science fiction there
are characters who are robots or
even aliens).
Character
A character with no interiority, complexities or contradictions
Flat Character
A character that has Fully Developed thoughts and feelings. complexities, contradictions, hopes and desires.
Round Character
is the arrangement of
events in a story.
Plot
This is the introduction of characters,
the plot and sometimes even the
conflict of the story. It is the laying
out and putting forth of the important
information about the story.
Exposition
The complication is the onset and
development of the major conflict. It
is here when the protagonist and
antagonist begin to engage.
Complication or Rising Action
This is the part of the story where
the conflict reaches its greatest
tension. It is here where the
protagonist confronts the conflict.
Crisis or Climax
This part is the aftermath of the climax. This part is the highest point of the story. It is the part where the protagonist resolves the conflict based on the decision s/he has made during the crisis part.
Falling Action
This is the completion of the story after the climax. After the conflict finishes, the __________ shows what happens afterward. In a sense, this is the ending of the story. The ending may end in two ways: close-ended or open-ended.
Denouement or Resolution
in _________ ending , the author provides closure for the story; whereas in open-ended, the author provides a cliffhanger, without knowing what happens next, leaving the readers thinking what happens after the conflict was resolved.
close-ended ending
It refers to the speaker, narrator, or voice created by authors to tell stories, present arguments, and express attitudes and judgments (Roberts and Jacobs, 2007).
Point Of View
