Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Surg II > Lewis on Inflammation > Flashcards

Lewis on Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

A sequential reaction cell injury that neutralizes and dilutes inflammatory agents, removes narcotic materials, and establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair is defined as:

A

inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What suffix describes an inflammatory process:

A

“itits”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inflammation is always present with__________, but _____________ is not always present with______________

A

Inflammation is always present with infection, but infection is not always present with inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Invasion of the cells/tissue by microorganisms is defined as:

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Heat/cold njury, radiation/chemical injury, electrical injury, mechanical, microbial injury, ischemic/hypoxia injury, immune disorders are common cause of what consequential response:

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the cardinal S/S (or local response) of inflammation:

A

HEPEL (heat, erythema, pain, edema, loss of function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four phases of an inflammatory response:

A

Cellular response, vascular response, exudate formation, healing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the skinny on vascular response:

A

Cell injury–>cell death (breif vasoconstriction occurs)–> release of histamines, PGs, and other chemical mediators–>vasodilation–>hyperemia (increased bld flow)–>increased capillary permeability–>fluid exudate–>edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After cell injuries, local arterioles undergo what and what is released by the injure cells:

A

local arterioles undergo brief vasoconstriction and histamine and PGs are released from the injured cells causing the vessels to dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During the vascular response to cell injury, what occurs after dilation:

A

hyperemia which increases capillary permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During the vascular response to cell injury, what occurs after capillary permeability:

A

exudate containing albumin which draws more fluid from blood vessels causing fibrinogen to leave the bld and become activated by the exudate to become fibrin and form platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s the skinny of cellular response to cell injury:

A

cell injury–> chemotaxis and margination of leukocytes and diapedesis–>migration of leukocytes to injury (Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes)–>monocytes become macrophages and lymphocytes become immune response–>macrophages become to phagocytosis–>cellular exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability of the vascular response is responsible for

A

erythema, heat, edema at the site of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The directional migration of WBCs to the site of injury is defined as:

A

chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chemotaxis results in what WBCs at the focus of injury:

A

Neutrophils, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at site of injury and how many days:

A

Neutrophils within 6-12 hours; phagocytize bacteria/foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pus is made up of:

A

dead neutrophils, digested bacteria, other cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why can there be a high demand of Neutrophils during the cellular response to cell injury

A

Neutrophils live only 24-48 hrs. Bone marrow releases immature N.call bands to meet the need of neutrophiles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mature neutrophils are called:

A

segmented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If there’s more than 8% of bands, then MDs term this:

A

shift to the left; commonly found in pt’s w/acute bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which leukocytes are the 2nd to arrive at the site of cell injury and how many days are they there for:

A

Monocytes; 3-7 days; transforms in to macrophages upon entrance of tissue spaces; assists in phagocytosis; live long life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the most important role of monocytes before healing can occur:

A

cleaning the area via phagocytosis; long-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A granuloma is formed by and for what reason:

A

Formed by macrophage to engulf particles too large for a regular size macrophage (TB is an example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which leucocytes arrive last to the site of cell injury and what is there primary role:

A

Lymphocytes are produced by the bonemarrow and the primary role is r/t humoral and cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lymphocytes differentiate into what:

A

B and T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which type of lymphocyte is cell-mediated immunity that DO NOT have antibodies:

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which type of lymphocyte is humoral-mediated immunity and produces antibodies in response o an antigen:

A

B lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

An enzyme cascade consisting of pathways to mediate inflammation and destroy invading pathogens to enhance phagocytosis, increase vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and cellular lysis is define as:

A

Complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s the skinny of the complement system;

A

Cell membrane–>arachidonic acid–>PGs, Thromboxane, and leukotriene

30
Q

Which cell mediator produced by arachidonic acid is a potent vasodilators, pro-inflammatory. INHIBITS aggregation of platelets/neutrophils; sensitizes pain receptors; PIVOTAL role as pyrogens upon hypothalamus

A

PGs

31
Q

Which chemical mediator produced from arachidonic acid is considered a powerful vasoconstrictor (potent HTN agent d/t vasoconstriction); platelet aggregating (thrombosis); it’s n enzyme found in platelets

A

Thromboxane

32
Q

Which chemical mediator produced by arachidonic acid forms the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A); constricts smooth muscle of bronchi; increased capillary permeability leading to airway edema ; stimulates CHEMOTAXIS

A

Leukotrienes

33
Q

What chemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased cap permeability; is stored in basophils/mast/platelet cells:

A

histamine

34
Q

Which chemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased cap permeability; stimulates sm muscle contraction; stored in platelets/mast/GI tract cells

A

Serotonin

35
Q

Which chemical mediator stimulates pain by contracting sm muscle and vasodilation; produced by a bradykinin of clotting

A

Kinins

36
Q

What cehmical mediator stimulates histamine release; chemotaxis; produced by anaphylatoxic agents generated by complement pathway activation:

A

Complement components (C3, C4, C5)

37
Q

Fluid and leukocytes that move from circulation to the site of injury and depends on the type/severity of wound is defined as:

A

exudate

38
Q

Erythema, heat, pain, edema, impaired/loss of function are all what type of clinical manifestations of inflammation:

A

local response to inflammation

39
Q

Increased WBCs, shift to the left, malaise; anorexia, increased pulse rate/respiratory rate; fever are all clinical manifestations of inflammation:

A

systemic manifestations to inflammation

40
Q

Skin blisters, pleural effusion, seen in early stages of inflammation may have what type of clear exudate:

A

serous

41
Q

A runny nose may produce what type of exudate:

A

Catarrhal

42
Q

Scar tissue/or adhesions (causing the skin to adhere on it’s own) may form what type of exudate:

A

fibrinous

43
Q

Furuncle, abscess, cellulitis may produce consisting of WBCs, microorganisms, and other debris is what type of exudate:

A

purulent/pus

44
Q

Hematoma resulting from ruptured necrosis of blood vessels may produce what type of exudate:

A

hemorrhagic

45
Q

How is febrile response triggered:

A

Cytokines promote synthesis/secretions of PGs; PGs set the thermostatic point of core temp; hypothalamus activates the ANS (increased muscle tone, shivering, decreased perspiration/bld flow to the periphery); epinephrine is released increasing metabolic rate=fever

46
Q

Febrile response and systemic manifestations of inflammation is induced by:

A

intercellular messegers called cytokinins (e.g. interleukins)

47
Q

What’s the skinny of the production of fever:

A

Monocytes/macrophages secrete cytokinins (IL) when activated–>travels to hypothalamus regulating center–>promotes synthesis/secretion of PGs from anterior hypo–>Pgs increase hypo set point–>ANS is stimulated–> shivering, muscle contraction, peripheral vasoconstriction–>adrenal medulla releases epinephrine to increase metabolic rate

48
Q

What are the beneficial aspects of fever:

A

Increased death of microorganisms/phagocytosis/proliferation/ and enhances activities of interferon (virus fighting substances)

49
Q

What are the 3 types of inflammation:

A

Acute, subcut, chronic

50
Q

Which of the 3 types of inflammation is when healing occurs in 2-3 weeks with no residual damage and neutrophils are the predominate cell type at site of inflammation:

A

Acute

51
Q

Which of the 3 types of inflammation is when healing occurs in 2-3 weeks with no residual damage but healing last longer (weeks or months)

A

Subacute

52
Q

Which of the three types of inflammation will lasts weeks, months, years and where lymphocytes and macrophages are the predominant types of cells:

A

Chronic

53
Q

Why is adequate nutrition essential when managing inflammation:

A

so that the body has the necessary factors to promote healing when injury occurs

54
Q

What is needed to replace fluid loss from perspiration during inflammation:

A

high fluid intake

55
Q

Are antipyretic drugs useful when the fever is considered to be moderate:

A

no, for fevers of 103, antipyretics are rarely given as the moderate fever poses no real threat (if pt isn’t old, infant, significan medical problem) as it benefits host mechanisms

56
Q

What temp can a fever be damaging to cells/seizures/delirium:

A

104

57
Q

What temp can a fever be damaging to all cells and brain cells

A

> 105

58
Q

What are the 3 most common antipyretic drugs and what are their specific actions:

A

ANA= aspirin S for lowering set point and decreasing PGs, NSAIDS inhibits synthesis of PGs, acetaminophen lowering set point

59
Q

What are the most common anti-inflammatory drugs given and what are their specific actions:

A

CNS = corticosteroid (prednisone) depresses granulation/decreases synthesis of lymphocytes, NSAIDS inhibits PGs, Salicylates inhibit synthesis PGs and reduces cap permeability

60
Q

What is the acronym for tx soft tissue injuries and related inflammation:

A

RICE= rest helps the body to use nutrients and O2; Ice applied at initial trauma to promote vasoconstriction and heat is used 24 hrs later to promote vasodilation to localized inflammatory agents; compression counters vasodilation and edema to stop bleeding whereas immobilization decreases metabolic needs when moving; elevation above the heart will reduce edema by increasing venous and lymphatic return

61
Q

Which of the four processes of inflammation is the last stage:

A

healing process

62
Q

What are the two major components of the healing process:

A

Regeneration and repair

63
Q

Which of the 2 major components is the replacement of cells and tissues of the same type:

A

regeneration

64
Q

Which of the 2 major components of the healing process is a healing as a result of lost cells being replaced by connective tissue and is the most common type of healing despite being very COMPLEX and MOST INJURIES HEAL BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE and usually results in scar formation:

A

Repair

65
Q

The regenerative ability of the skin, lymphoid, bonemarrow, GI is called:

A

labile cells (divide constantly)

66
Q

The regenerative ability of the liver, pancreas, kidney, bone cells (organs) is called:

A

stable cell (regenerate only if organ is damaged)

67
Q

The regenerative ability of neurons cells/skeletal/cardiac muscles are called:

A

permanent cells (do not regenerate), scar tissue may form. Damaged CNS neurons may be replaced with glial cells…

68
Q

What are the three types of repair healing:

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary healing

69
Q

What type of repair healing takes place when wound margins are well approximated (surgical incision/papercut) that includes three types of processess:

A

Primary intention

70
Q

What are the three phases of primary intention:

A

IGM (initial, granulation, maturation phases)

71
Q

This phase of primary intention lasts 3-5 days; edges are aligned and sutured; WBC migration occurs;

A

n

Med Surg II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions