Lesson 9

Question 1

One type of catabolic process, _______ leads to the partial degradation of sugars without
the use of oxygen.

Answer 1

Fermentation

Question 2

A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, ___________, consumes oxygen as a reactant to complete the breakdown of a variety of organic molecules.

Answer 2

aerobic respiration

Question 3

Although ___________ technically includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes, the term is commonly used to refer only to the aerobic process.

Answer 3

cellular respiration

Question 4

Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons (e−) from one reactant to another are oxidation-reduction reactions, or

Answer 4

Redox Reactions

Question 5

The loss of electrons from a substance is called

Answer 5

Oxidation

Question 6

The addition of electrons to another substance is called

Answer 6

Reduction

Question 7

The hydrogen atoms are not transferred directly to oxygen but are passed first to a coenzyme called

Answer 7

NAD+

Question 8

Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an __________ the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps.

Answer 8

Electron Transport Chain.

Question 9

occurs in the cytosol. It begins catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate.

Answer 9

Glycolysis

Question 10

The _________ occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. It completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to
carbon dioxide.

Answer 10

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 11

This mode of ATP synthesis is called __________ because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

Answer 11

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 12

Some ATP is also formed directly during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by _____________, in which an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate molecule to ADP, forming ATP.

Answer 12

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Question 13

During ________ glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is split into two three-carbon sugars.

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

After pyruvate enters the mitochondrion via active transport, it is converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme A, or

Answer 14

Acetyl CoA

Question 15

the process through which cells produce ATP for energy or This process, in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane
is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP, is called

Answer 15

Chemiosmosis

Question 16

nonprotein components essential for
catalysis.

Answer 16

Prosthetic Groups

Question 17

Most of the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen are proteins called

Answer 17

Cytochromes

Question 18

A protein complex in the cristae, _________, actually makes ATP from ADP and Pi.

Answer 18

ATP Synthase

Question 19

a gradient with the capacity to do
work.

Answer 19

proton-motive force

Question 20

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (the ionized form of lactic acid) without the release of CO2.

Answer 20

lactic acid fermentation,

Question 21

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.

Answer 21

alcohol fermentation

Question 22

carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

Answer 22

Obligate anaerobes

Question 23

Yeast and many bacteria are _______ that can survive using either fermentation or respiration.

Answer 23

facultative anaerobes

Question 24

The rich energy of fatty acids is accessed as fatty acids are split into two-carbon fragments via.

Answer 24

beta oxidation.