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ETS100 Embalming Technology > Lesson 4: Embalming Chemicals and Their Uses > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Embalming Chemicals and Their Uses Flashcards

1
Q

the 6 types of embalming chemicals?

A

Arterial fluid, arterial solution, cavity fluid, supplemental fluid, accessory chemicals, special purpose fluids

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2
Q

Arterial fluid

A

the concentrated preservative embalming chemicals that gets diluted with water in the embalming machine

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3
Q

arterial solution

A

the mixture of the concentrated arterial fluid with water and supplemental fluids

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4
Q

cavity fluid

A

the concentrated embalming chemical that is injected into the cavities for cavity embalming

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5
Q

supplemental fluid

A

a fluid injected before or in addition to the preservative solution that enhances certain qualities of the preservative, used for purposes other than preservation

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6
Q

accessory chemicals

A

chemicals used for purposes other than cavity or arterial embalming

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7
Q

special purpose fluids

A

fluids designed for use with special body conditions

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8
Q

the six types of ingredients that may be found in a bottle of ARTERIAL fluid?

A

preservatives, disinfectants/germicides, dyes, perfuming agents, vehicles, and modifying agents

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9
Q

Preservatives

A

react with tissue proteins to change them to a state that will inhibit the breakdown and decomposition of proteins, inactivates saprophytic bacteria, makes tissues unsuitable nutrition for bacteria, temporarily inhibits decomposition.

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10
Q

Examples of Preservatives

A

formaldehyde, phenol, paraformaldehyde, alcohols, aldehydes, glutaraldehyde

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11
Q

Germicides/Disinfectants

A

kills or inactivates microorganisms, sanitizes body tissues, chemicals used as preservatives can also be used as germicides

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12
Q

Examples of Germicides/Disinfectants

A

formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, phenol, glutaraldehyde, aldehydes, alcohols

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13
Q

Dyes

A

impacts color to embalming fluid and to body tissues, active dyes color the tissues, inactive dyes color the fluid in the bottle

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14
Q

Examples of Dyes

A

Eosin, Erythrosine, Ponceau, Amarath, Carmine

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15
Q

Perfuming Agents

A

alters the odor of embalming solution, displaces or converts unpleasant odors into more pleasant ones.

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16
Q

Examples of Perfuming Agents

A

Oil of wintergreen, benzaldehyde, sassafras

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17
Q

Vehicles

A

liquid that serves as a solvent for all of the ingredients of an embalming fluid, keeps the active substances stable and in a uniform state while the arterial solution is injected into the vascular system

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18
Q

Examples of Vehicles

A

water, alcohols, glycerine, sorbitol, glycols

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19
Q

Modifying Agents

A

control rate of fixation and delay firming action which will allow better saturation of preservative into tissue cells, without modifying agents the preservative is too strong and harsh and may sear the walls of capillaries and prevent diffusion, controls main action of preservative chemicals in embalming fluids and without them the preservative will have unfavorable reactions that interfere with good embalming results, there are 5 kinds: buffers, anticoagulants (water conditioners), humectants, surfactants, and inorganic salts

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20
Q

the 5 types of modifying agents?

A

Buffers, Humectants, Anticoagulants (water conditioners), Surfactants, and inorganic salts

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21
Q

Buffers

A

stabilizes pH of the embalming solution and the body tissues, optimum pH for the tissue/fluid reaction is 7.4

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22
Q

Humectants

A

coat formaldehyde molecule and delay it from contacting quickly with proteins of the tissues, once tissues are fully saturated with preservative solution and after certain amount of time the formaldehyde molecules lose their humectant coat and become available to react with proteins, enables embalmed tissues to retain moisture, prevents dehydration, control tissue moisture balance

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23
Q

Anticoagulants (Water Conditioners)

A

the same chemicals that are used for anticoagulants can be used as water conditioners which will reduce water hardness, anticoagulants will keep blood in a liquid state and adjust pH levels, slows down tendency of blood to become thicker which helps prevent clotting of blood which enables better blood drainage

24
Q

Surfactants

A

allow fluid to flow throigh tiny capillaries, allowing the removal of blood and movement of arterial solution, reduces molecular cohesion of liquid allowing it to flow through smallers aperatures, liquids tend to stick to walls of vessels and block small passageways, this is what surfactants prevent

25
Q

Examples of Buffers

A

citrates, EDTA, borates, carbonates

26
Q

Examples of Humectants

A

Glycerin, sorbitol, glycols, emulsified oils

27
Q

Examples of Anticoagulants (water conditioners)

A

Borates, Citrates, Oxalates, EDTA

28
Q

Inorganic Salts

A

inorganic salts will control the osmotic qualities of arterial solution, osmosis is required for transfer of embalming chemicals from capillaries to tissue spaces, they will increase the process of osmosis which will allow more embalming chemicals to penetrate the tissue cells

29
Q

Supplemental Fluids

A

8 kinds: preinjection fluids, coinjection fluids, water corrective fluids, dyes, humectants, edema corrective coinjection fluids, tissue gas coinjection fluids, internal bleach and stain remover

30
Q

internal bleach and stain removers

A

chemicals injected with arterial solution to assist in lightening discolorations caused by blood or decomposition

30
Q

coinjection fluids

A

fluids added to preservative solution and injected along with arterial solution, assist in distributing and diffusing the arterial solution, helps control and enhance arterial fluid, examples: metaflow, permaflow, Eckles Gold, dyno-tone, calsec, general rule of thumb is to use half the amount or equal amount coinjection fluid to arterial fluid

30
Q

tissue gas coinjection fluids

A

fluids injected along with arterial solution to inhibit microbes that cause tissue gas, ex. dispray, arrest, san veino

31
Q

water corrective fluids (water conditioner/water softener)

A

fluids injected along with arterial solution that help remove hardness of water, improves drainage by keeping blood liquid, reduces water hardness, provides alkaline condition which enhances action of dyes, provides alkaline condition which makes formadehyde function better as a fixative and firming agent, examples: rectificant, nutralize, sofner

32
Q

preinjection fluids

A

prepares tissues for preservative arterial solution by helping improve distribution, clear blood discolorations, adjust pH of tissues, reduce blood coagulation, improve blood drainage, and reduce harsh effects caused by preservative, when using preinjections use a sufficient amount and allow them time to work, examples: calsec, metaflow, permaflow, gold eckles, dyno-tone

33
Q

edema corrective coinjection fluids

A

fluids injected along with arterial solution to treat edemic tissues, enhance dehydrating effects of arterial solution, examples: edemaco, edema pro

34
Q

humectants

A

fluids injected along with arterial solution that help tissues retain moisture and prevent dehydration, examples: restorative, Eck-O-Lan

35
Q

dyes

A

fluids injected along with arterial solution to help bring natural color to tissues or overcome discolorations, examples: Icterine, Kosme-Tint, Fluid Color

36
Q

what is formaldehyde?

A

colorless and strong smelling gas, used as a preservative and germicide in embalming chemicals

37
Q

Formalin

A

formaldehyde gas dissolved in water makes formalin, formalin is a saturated solution of water, formaldehyde gas, and methyl alcohol

38
Q

what is the role of methyl alcohol in formalin?

A

it stabilizes the formaldehyde and prevents it from changing to a solid form

39
Q

paraformaldehyde

A

the solid form of formaldehyde gas, appears as a crystalline white powder, is used in hardening compounds and embalming powders for surface embalming

40
Q

advantages of formaldehyde?

A

inexpensive, very water soluble, inhibits growth of mold and yeast, extremely reactive, preserves tissues, powerful germicide, only a small amount is needed, slows decomposition, produces rapid fixation, acts quickly on body proteins, rapidly destroys autolytic enzymes, it deodorizes

41
Q

disadvantages of formaldehyde?

A

strong odor, irritating to work with, turns tissues grey when mixed with blood, fixes discolorations (makes them permanent), rapidly coagulates blood, deteriorates with age, dehydrates tissues, can be oxidized to formic acid, constricts capillaries, has health effects with ingestion, inhalation, eye contact, and skin contact, is a carcinogenic

42
Q

8 Accessory Chemicals:

A

Autopsy gels, cautery chemicals, tissue builder, solvents, hardening compounds, embalming preservative powders, mold inhibitors, sealing agents

42
Q

autopsy gels

A

gels or creams used for surface embalming, applied via surface compress and wrapped in plastic, work by osmosis to penetrate into tissues to preserve them, some may also bleach tissues, can be applied to unembalmed tissues, viscera in autopsy cases, walls of autopsied cavities, wounds, ulcers, burns, discolorations, etc.

43
Q

cautery chemicals

A

liquid chemicals that contain phenol that sear capillary beds to stop leakage and dry out tissues, applied via surface compress then plastic, or as a hypodermic treatment to open wounds, skin slip, burns, etc.

44
Q

tissue builder

A

chemical injected into sunken tissues through hypodermic injection, needle and syringe used to build up low areas, restores sunken areas to natural contour, can be used all over face, hands, etc.

45
Q

solvents

A

liquids used for cleansing skin, nails, hair, can be used to remove cosmetics or clean cosmetic brushes, some are used to clean syringes after feature builder is used, can be applied to cotton and cotton wiped on tissue or surface

46
Q

hardening compounds

A

powdered chemicals used to absorb moisture, generally sprinkled into autopsied cavities or used in plastic garments for wounds, ulcers, burns, or edema, some hardening compounds also contain a powdered preservative chemical

47
Q

embalming preservative powders

A

powdered chemical used for surface embalming to preserve tissues, applied to unembalmed tissues or autopsied cavities , open wounds, burns, ulcers, sores, decomposing bodies, then wrapped in plastic

48
Q

sealing agents

A

agents used to prevent leakage from sutured incision, powdered form can be sprinkled in incision before suturing and it will absorb moisture and seal area, another type is putty and can be used inside incisions or open wounds, can be applied with spatula or special injector, third type is a surface glue used on the outside of a sutured incision, it bonds to skin preventing leakage from sutures incision, glue is not meant to replace sutures, applied with applicator brush or some can be sprayed on

49
Q

mold inhibitors

A

chemicals applied to surface of body tissues to inhibit growth of mold, can be applied to wounds, sprinkled on body surface, comes in liquid or powder, recommended to use for long term storage of deceased

50
Q

index

A

amount of formaldehyde gas measured in grams dissolved in 100mL of water

51
Q

CxV=C1xV1

A

C= index
V=volume of arterial chemical in ounces
C1= concentration of solution in tank
V1= volume in tank of embalming machine
1 gallon=128oz

52
Q

what is waterless embalming?

A

diluting arterial fluid with supplemental fluids instead of water

53
Q

what is the best osmotic composition for arterial solution for a “normal” body without dehydration or edema?

A

a solution that is hypotonic to the body tissues- this will allow the arterial solution to move into the tissue spaces and onto the cells. for edema you would use a hypertonic solution that would draw out moisture from the tissue spaces and into capillaries then eventually drain through the veins.

ETS100 Embalming Technology (5 decks)

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