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BIOLOGY LESSONS > lesson 10 > Flashcards

lesson 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The chloroplasts of plants use a process called

A

Photosysthesis

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2
Q

Produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained
from the environment.

A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

live on organic compounds produced by other organisms.

A

Heterotrophs

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4
Q

The color of a leaf comes from _______, the green pigment in the chloroplasts.

A

Cholorophyll

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5
Q

Chloroplasts are found mainly in _______ cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf.

A

Mesophyll

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6
Q

O2 exits and CO2 enters the leaf through microscopic pores called _____ in the leaf

A

Stomata

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7
Q

Each chloroplast has two membranes around a central aqueous space, the

A

Stroma

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8
Q

In the stroma is an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs, the

A

Thylakoids

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9
Q

The interior of the thylakoids forms another compartment, the

A

Thylakoid Space

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10
Q

Thylakoids may be stacked in columns called

A

Grana

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11
Q

: CO2 + 2H2S → [CH2O] + H2O + 2S

A

Sulfur Bacteria

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12
Q

CO2 + 2H2O → [CH2O] + H2O + O2

A

Plants

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13
Q

CO2 + 2H2X → [CH2O] + H2O + X2

A

General

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14
Q

Researchers used ______ a heavy isotope, as a tracer to follow the fate of oxygen atoms during photosynthesis.

A

018

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15
Q

convert solar energy to chemical energy.

A

Light Reaction

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16
Q

Uses energy form light reactions to incorporate C02 from the atmosphere into sugar

A

Calvin Cycle

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17
Q

Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from water to ______ forming NADPH.

A

NAD+

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18
Q

The light reaction also generates ATP using chemiosmosis, in a process called

A

Photophosphorylation

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19
Q

The Calvin cycle is named for ______, who with his colleagues, worked out many of
its steps in the 1940s.

A

Melvin Calvin

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20
Q

The cycle begins with the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules, a process known as

A

Carbon Fixation

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21
Q

It is a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation.

A

Light

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22
Q

The distance between crests of electromagnetic waves is called the

A

Wavelength

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23
Q

The distance between crests of electromagnetic waves is called the

A

Wavelength

24
Q

electromagnetic wave longer than a kilometer

A

Radio Waves

25
Q

The entire range of electromagnetic radiation is the

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

26
Q

are not tangible objects, but they do have fixed quantities of energy

A

Photons

27
Q

measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light.

A

Spectrophotometer

28
Q

plots a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.

A

Absorption Spectrum

29
Q
A
30
Q

participates directly in the light reactions, absorbs best in the red and
violet-blue wavelengths and worst in the green.

A

Chlorophyll a.

31
Q

An overall _____ mfor photosynthesis profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving the process.

A

Action Spectrum

32
Q

with a slightly different structure than chlorophyll a, has a slightly different
absorption spectrum and funnels the energy from these wavelengths to chlorophyll a.

A

Chlorophyll b.

33
Q

can funnel the energy from other wavelengths to chlorophyll a and also
participate in photoprotection against excessive light.

A

Carotenoids.

34
Q

is composed of a protein complex

A

Photosystem

35
Q

A photosystem is composed of a protein complex called a _____ which
includes two special chlorophyll a molecules, surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes.

A

Reaction-center complex

36
Q

Each ______ consists of pigment molecules (which may include chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bound to particular proteins.

A

Light-harvesting complex

37
Q

At the reaction center is a _____ which accepts an excited electron from
the reaction center chlorophyll a.

A

Photo Electron Acceptor

38
Q

each have a characteristic reaction-center
complex—a particular kind of primary electron acceptor next to a pair of special chlorophyll a molecules associated with specific proteins.

A

Photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I)

39
Q

drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH by energizing the two photosystems embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

A

Linear Electron flow

40
Q

Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons from photosystem I, but not photosystem II, can take an alternative pathway, a short circuit called

A

Cyclic Electron Flow

41
Q

The actual sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose but a three-carbon sugar called

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

42
Q

In the ________ phase, each CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar, ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP).

A

Carbon Fixation

43
Q

This reaction is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase, or

A

Rubisco

44
Q

During _______ each 3-phosphoglycerate receives another phosphate group from ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

A

Reduction

45
Q

The other five G3P remain in the cycle to _______ three RuBP.

A

Regenerate

46
Q

In most plants (________) initial fixation of CO2 occurs via rubisco, forming a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglycerate.

A

C3 Plants

47
Q

When rubisco adds O2 to RuBP, RuBP splits into a three-carbon piece and a two-carbon piece in a process called

A

Photorespiration

48
Q

photorespiration ________ photosynthetic output by siphoning organic material from the Calvin cycle and releasing CO2 that would otherwise be fixed.

A. increases
B. Decreases

A

B. Decreases

49
Q

first fix CO2 in a four-carbon compound

A

C4 PLANTS

50
Q

are arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.

A

Bundle-sheathed Cells

51
Q

are more loosely arranged between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

A

Mesophyll Cells

52
Q

has a very high affinity for CO2 and no affinity for CO2.

A

PEP Carboxylase

53
Q

During the night, these plants fix CO2 into a variety of organic acids in mesophyll cells.
This mode of carbon fixation is called

A

crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM.

54
Q

The mesophyll cells of ______ store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close.

A

CAM plants

55
Q

The Calvin cycle uses the ____ and _____to produce sugar from carbon dioxide.

A

ATP and NADPH

BIOLOGY LESSONS (3 decks)

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