Lesion localisation with spinal signs

Question 1

C1-C5 vertebrae lesion

Answer 1

• abnormalities of the head/neck movement but no CN abnormalities
• hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes) of all 4 limbs
• increased extensor tone -> ataxia
• proprioceptive deficits when circling (inside limb)
• lateral recumbency if severe cervical lesion (cranial-C4) present
• normal mentation

Question 2

C6-T2 vertebrae lesion

Answer 2

• reflexes in forelimbs depressed to absent
• reflexes in hindlimbs exaggerated
• muscle tone reduced in forelimbs and normal in hindlimbs

Question 3

T3-L3 vertebrae lesion

Answer 3

• forelimb muscle tone and reflexes normal
• hindlimb reflexes and muscle tone exaggerated/increased
• hindlimb proprioceptive deficits present
• dog sitting may be observed in large ruminants

Question 4

L4-L6 vertebrae lesion

Answer 4

• forelimb muscle tone and reflexes normal
• hindlimb reflexes absent and reduced hindlimb muscle tone

Question 5

S1-S3 vertebrae lesion

Answer 5

• decreased anal tone, tail tone and perineal sensation
• may have urinary incontinence