Lecture One - Self and Identity

Question 1

Who said self is derived from social relationships first?

Answer 1

William James

Question 2

Pronin et al (2001)

Answer 2

Asked friends to predict behaviour of each other and selves. More accurate predicting friends’ behaviour

Question 3

Epley and Dunning (2006)

Answer 3

Knowing person increases bias + decreases accuracy. Overestimate their pro-social acts but more accurate with friends

Question 4

Lieberman (2007)

Answer 4

Increased activity in brain part associated with perspective when we think about ourselves

Question 5

Pfeifer et al (2009)

Answer 5

Adolescents show greater activity in perspective brain area than adults

Question 6

‘Born to Rebel’ hypothesis

Answer 6

Solloway (1996, 2001). Oldest child conservative, younger liberal

Question 7

Stephens, Markus and Phillips (2013)

Answer 7

Social class, wealth and neighbourhoods affect definition of self

Question 8

Leary & Baumeister (2000)

Answer 8

Group identity, roles, values, relationships, goals, central beliefs

Question 9

Kuhn and McPartland (1954)

Answer 9

Westerners make self-contained statements, East Asians refer to social groups more

Question 10

Matsuda et al (2008)

Answer 10

Japanese people focus on background faces, Americans look at the centre

Question 11

Tokano and Sogon (2008)

Answer 11

Japanese aren’t collectivist, so studies are flawed

Question 12

Trait self-esteem

Answer 12

Parts of ourselves that are constant over time

Question 13

State self-esteem

Answer 13

Parts of ourselves open to change according to situation

Question 14

Mehl et al (2010)

Answer 14

Wellbeing and substantial conversations correlated

Question 15

Crocker and Wolfe (2012)

Answer 15

Self-esteem related to the situation. Different people emphasise different traits.

Question 16

Schelling (1978)

Answer 16

People place differing emphasis on traits and abilities

Question 17

Williams et al (2012)

Answer 17

We judge others at their worst or average and ourselves at our best

Question 18

Festinger (1954)

Answer 18

Knowing the self is important in understanding social comparison theory

Question 19

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 19

To maintain positive self-esteem we compare ourselves to others below perceived level and upward comparisons if we want to improve.

Question 20

Self Verification Theory

Answer 20

People want a consistent view of themselves, flaws and all, and strive to keep that view

Question 21

Swann et al (1994)

Answer 21

Couples with consistent views were more committed to each other, even if their view of each other was negative

Question 22

Realistic Group Conflict Theory (researchers)

Answer 22

Campbell (1970s) and Sheriff (1950s, 1966)

Question 23

Realistic Group Conflict Theory (definition)

Answer 23

People are evolved to compete when resources are contested (land, welfare, oil etc). Ethnocentrism follows where outgrip is vilified and hostility starts

Question 24

Robber’s Cave (Sheriff et al, 1954)

Answer 24

22 well adjusted preteen boys were placed at a campsite and split into Eagles or Rattlers. The teams competed against each other for money and this created hostility until new tasks were given where teams needed to work together.

Question 25

Wohl and Branscombe (2005)

Answer 25

North American Jews more likely to forgive Germans if given the prompt they identified as ‘humans’ first before Jews and Germans

Question 26

Social Identity Theory (researcher)

Answer 26

Tajfel (1971)

Question 27

Steps to Social Identity Theory

Answer 27

No face-to-face contact, people must know their groups, allocation fairly meaningless, responses justified by strategic motives, responses have value

Question 28

Realistic Conflict Group Theory

Answer 28

Sheriff, 1954 - Bias can occur even in the absence of intergroup conflict as long as there’s group favouritism

Question 29

Individual Mobility

Answer 29

When group boundaries are permeable and hierarchies aren’t fixed

Question 30

Social Creativity

Answer 30

When group boundaries are impermeable and hierarchies are fixed

Question 31

Social competition

Answer 31

When boundaries are impermeable and hierarchies are not fixed

Question 32

Categorisation

Answer 32

Cognitive need to categorise based on schema

Question 33

Prototypes

Answer 33

We create a set of attributes that define a typical member of a certain group

Question 34

Accentuation process

Answer 34

We maximise differences between groups and minimise differences within groups

Question 35

Entitativity

Answer 35

Establish coherence and unique identities

Question 36

Stereotype

Answer 36

We depersonalise a category we are not a part of and stereotype

Question 37

Influences to categorisation

Answer 37

1. Readiness – if we have an existing schemata we’re more likely to categorise
2. Comparative fit – seeing a person that exactly fits the prototype
3. Normative fit – Does object display expected characteristics?

Question 38

Stoner (1961)

Answer 38

Participants presented with situation where engineer could move to a riskier higher paid job. People made riskier decisions when in group

Question 39

Stoner (1961) Context

Answer 39

When asked a different question about someone using child’s money to gamble a high reward participants made safer choices as a group. Context is important in group decision.

Question 40

Group Polarisation Effect

Answer 40

Group decisions are more extreme but only in direction the group is initially facing.

Question 41

Janis (1972)

Answer 41

Groupthink more likely when groups are highly cohesive, insulated, have direct leadership, and situation is high risk/stress

Question 42

Suhey (2015)

Answer 42

Catholics were exposed to either conservative Catholics, progressive Catholics, or evangelical’s views. Exposure to progressive views made them less conservative

Question 43

Jetten et al (2015)

Answer 43

Being part of multiple groups increases self esteem in children, adults, and homeless people, independent of friends in those groups and shown over time. This is because people take pride in their groups.

Question 44

Chang et al (2016)

Answer 44

Asians get less wellbeing benefits from multiple groups as their social norms make them more reluctant to enlist in social support.

Question 45

Sonderland et al (2017)

Answer 45

Positive correlation between multiple group membership and wellbeing, but only if individuals identify with the group, indirectly wellbeing improves by social support.

Question 46

Haslam et al (2018)

Answer 46

Retirees who met other old people have better life satisfaction