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Physio Exam 4 (shelby) > Lecture 59 > Flashcards

Lecture 59 Flashcards

1
Q

What lipids are found in the diet

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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2
Q

What makes up a triglyceride

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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3
Q

How are lipids provided in a diet

A

Through oils & animal fats

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4
Q

T/F: Lipids MUST be solubilized in the SI for digestion & absorption

A

T

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5
Q

What does the stomach do to start the digestion process of lipids

A

Churns & mixes lipids to initiate enzymatic digestion & break lipids into small droplets to increase SA

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6
Q

What enzyme: hydrolyzes ~10% of ingested TAG & generates glycerol + FFAs

A

Gastric lipase

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7
Q

Why does the stomach slowly empty the chyme into the SI

A

To allow plenty of time for the pancreatic lipase to digest lipids

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8
Q

What are two steps that need to occur in the stomach for digestion of lipids

A

Bile salts emulsify the lipids & surround the small lipid droplets to increase SA
Pancreatic enzymes (like lipase w/ colipase, just colipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, & phospholipase A2) digest different lipids

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9
Q

What does Lipase + colipase do

A

They bind together so that lipase can digest lipids @ the lipid water inerface
This results in a monoglyceride & 2 Fas

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10
Q

What does cholesterol ester hydrolase do

A

Hydrolyzes cholesterol ester
Generates free cholesterol + FA & releases glycerol from triglycerides

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11
Q

What dose Phospholipase A2 do & what is it activated by

A

Activated by trypsin
Hydrolyzes phospholipids & generates lysolecithin + FA

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12
Q

After lipids have been digested in the SI what must they be solubilized in

A

Micelles cells (by using bile salts) for absorption

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13
Q

What are the steps of absorption of lipids

A
  1. Bile salts solubilize products within the SI lumen as micelles cells (where the cone contains the products) except for w/ glycerol
  2. Micelles diffuse to the brush border membrane of the enterocyte where products diffuse into the cell (bile salts DO NOT diffuse into the enterocyte)
  3. Products are then re-esterified inside the enterocyte to form the original compounds
  4. Re-esterified lipids are packaged with apoproteins to form chylomicrons
  5. The chylomicrons are then packed in secretory vesicles & exocytosed across the basolateral membrane into the lymphatic capillaries
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14
Q

Definition: “Has a colesterol & TG cone w/ phospholipids & apoproteins around the outside”

A

Chylomicrons

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15
Q

Why are apoproteins added to the outside the outside of re-esterfied lipids

A

For transport/reabsorption & so the lipi can “move around”

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16
Q

Why do chylomicrons go into lymphatic capillaries and not vascular capillaries

A

They are too big for vascular capillaries

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17
Q

How do chylomicrons enter the blood

A

through the thoracic duct

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18
Q

T/F: There has to be a problem @ a SPECIFIC STEP for steatorrhea to occur

A

F

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19
Q

What causes pancreatic insufficiency (chronic pancreatitis)

A

Inadequate pancreatics enzymes so TGs are not digested

20
Q

What happens if chyme is not neutralized in the SI

A

Pancreatic enzymes are inactivated (b/c there needs to be a pH of ~ 6 for lipase) & there will be excessive H+ ion secretion which can cause tumors b/c the pancreas is not secreting enough bicarb

21
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency of bile salts (like in an ileal resection)

A

There will be little to no micelle formation & bile salt recycling will be limited

22
Q

What does bacteria do to biles salts

A

It removes glycine & taurine from bile salts

23
Q

What happens if there is an over growth of aminos accids

A

When glycine & taurine are removed they become bile acids again so they will be readily absorbed via diffusion into enterocytes & not function properly

24
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in intestinal cells for absorption

A

There is less surface area for absorption of lipid products

25
Q

What does a lack of Ape B (apoproteins) cause

A

abetalipoproteinemia

26
Q

Name the disease: “chylomicrons don’t form or are not transported so there is only partial absorption of lipids”

A

abetalipoproteinemia

27
Q

______ absorption needs coenzymes or cofactors for metaboli reactions

A

Vitamin absorption

28
Q

How are Fat soluble vitamins absorbed & transported

A

They are incorported into micells within the SI lumen for absorption
They are incorporated into chylomicrons for transport

29
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Absorbed via Na+/dependent cotransport in the SI

30
Q

Which water soluble vitamin is not absorbed via Na+/dependent cotransport

A

B12

31
Q

What does B12 requare for absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

32
Q

List the steps of B12 absorption

A

B12 is released from food by pepsin
It then binds to R proteins (made from salivary secretions)
Proteases in the SI degrade the R proteins & releases B12
B12 then binds to intrinsic Factor & creates a B12/IF complex where it then travels to the ileum for absorption

33
Q

What happens if a person or animal has a gasterectomy or ileal resection

A

They can have a loss in production of intrinsic factors which can lead to perricious anemia

34
Q

What is needed to absorb Ca into the SI

A

Active vitamin D

35
Q

When is calcium absorbed through active transport & what are the main points on how active transport works

A

When on a low Ca diet
Uses calbindin within the cell to transport Ca to the basolateral membrane
Need vitamin D to stimulate the production of calbindin

36
Q

When is calcium absorbed through passive transport & what are the main points on how active transport works

A

With high Ca diets
Diffuses across the membrane by using a paracellular route (goes in btw/ cells)

37
Q

How is Vitamin D activated

A

Dietary vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver
Which is then converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney

38
Q

What does active vitamin D do

A

Promotes the synthesis of calbindin D-28 K for active transport of Ca

39
Q

What does a lac of active vitamin D or Ca cause

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia

40
Q

What is hemeiron

A

Iron bound to hemoglobine or myoglobin

41
Q

What type of iron can be used for iron absorption

A

Free Iron
Heme iron

42
Q

What transporter is in the luminal membrane for iron absorption

A

DMT-1

43
Q

What happens to heme iron when it goes into enterocytes

A

It is digested into free iron by lysosomal enzymes

44
Q

What happens to free iron once inside the enterocyte

A

Free iron binds to apoferritin for transport into the blood via ferroportion
Once in the blood it will then bind to transferrin in plasma

45
Q

How is iron transported and stored

A

Transported - bound to transferrin
Stored - as ferritin

Physio Exam 4 (shelby) (14 decks)

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