Lecture 2

Question 1

LO: Identify the physical and chemical barriers that protect from microbial infection

Answer 1

Skin, Mucus Membranes

Question 2

Examples of mucosal/glandular secretions

Answer 2

Lysozyme and Lactoferrin

Question 3

= innate immune receptors can bind to microbe and alert the body to microbe’s presence

Answer 3

Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR)

Question 4

What do PRR bind to

Answer 4

conserved microbial components or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 5

What recognizes many types of pathogen molecules and are sometimes expressed on the cell surface to detect extracellular microbes

Answer 5

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)

Question 6

Binding of microbial PAMPs to TLRs triggers cell signaling leading to production of :

Answer 6

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and** IL-6 **to promote inflammation

Question 7

this recognizes viral RNA triggering release of type 1 interferons

Answer 7

RIG-I-like receptors

Question 8

recognizes bacterial cell wall components (peptidoglycan) triggering release of IL-1 and IL-18

Answer 8

NOD-like receptors

Question 9

What do Type 1 interferons BLOCK

Answer 9

Viral Replication

Question 10

What do antimicrobial peptides LYSE

Answer 10

Bacteria

Question 11

____ = activate endothelial cells for immune cell adhesion and stimulate immune reactivity of responding cells

Answer 11

Cytokines

Question 12

What recruits activated immune cells to site of infection

Answer 12

Chemokines

Question 13

What digest engulded microbes within phagocytes

Answer 13

Enzymes

Question 14

How to monocytes become activated

Answer 14

Microbial contact or cytokine exposure

Question 15

Microbial activation of macrophages leads to **M1 polarization **resulting in production of

Answer 15

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha to promote inflammation

Question 16

What cytokine is responsible

Induce Th1 phenotype, IFN-gamma production

Answer 16

IL-12, IL-18

Question 17

This chemokine chemoattracts cells to infection sites

Answer 17

IL-8
(CXCL8)

Question 18

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

Answer 18

In the Liver primarily

Question 19

What triggers endothelial activation to** capture circulating immune cells**

Answer 19

Cytokines

Question 20

What cells are the First cells to infiltrate inflammed tissues

Answer 20

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PML)
– Neutrophils

Question 21

What are the two main phagocytes

Answer 21

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Question 22

In Phagocytosis

this produces nitric oxide (NO) and derivatives which oxidizes DNA bases generating straing breaks and mutations preventing DNA replication and gene expression – reactive nitrogen species

Answer 22

iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase

Question 23

In Phagocytosis

this produces nitric oxide (NO) and derivatives which oxidizes DNA bases generating straing breaks and mutations preventing DNA replication and gene expression – reactive nitrogen species

Answer 23

iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase

Question 24

this **produces superoxides **and subsequent enzymes generate hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen perioxide and hypochlorus acid with same action as NO ROS

Answer 24

Phagocyte Oxidase

Question 25

This from the lysossomes spills into the phagolysosome to degrade microbes

Answer 25

Acid Hydrolyases

Question 26

NK cells wont kill innate healthy cells when what is present

Answer 26

MHC Class 1 / activation receptor

Question 27

IFN-gamme stimualtes macrophages to polarize into what?

Answer 27

M1 Macrophages producing cytokines to help activate T cells

Question 28

TLR __ is EXTRACELLULAR, detects LPS on bacteria

Answer 28

TLR-4

Question 29

TLR-___ = INTRAcellular detects ssRNA of viruses

Answer 29

TLR **7
**

Question 30

TLR___ INTRACELLULAR detects DNA

Answer 30

TLR9