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MICI 2100 > Lecture 15/16 > Flashcards

Lecture 15/16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of “invaders” our body is constantly under attack by?

A

pathogens

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2
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Specific (acquired) and nonspecific (innate)

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3
Q

What happened in B.C. 430?

A

The plague of Athens, where the first reference to immunity is dated back to. From Thucydides writing “for the same man was never attacked twice –never at least fatally”

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4
Q

What did they do in the 15th century to induce immunity?

A

Used Variolation. Dried crust from smallpox pustules were inhaled to inserted in small cuts in the skin

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5
Q

Significance of 1798

A

Edward Jenner observed mild-maids who contracted mild disease cowpox were resistant to subsequent severe smallpox infections

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6
Q

What did Pasteur do?

A

Created the first heat attenuated strains of bacteria that he called vaccines

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7
Q

What vaccine can have an effect after the host had already been infected by the infectious agent?

A

Anti-rabies vaccine

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8
Q

what does attenuated mean?

A

Having been reduced in force, effect, or strength

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9
Q

What was the original name of antibodies?

A

antitoxins

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10
Q

What is the main concept of humoral immunity?

A

Animals who developed immunity, where studied and used to derive antitoxins from their serum.

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11
Q

Who developed the concept of humeral immunity?

A

Emil von Behring

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12
Q

How does immunotherapy work?

A

immunotherapy drugs can block tumor cells from deactivating T-cells

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13
Q

Without interference how to T-cells and tumor cells interact?

A

the tumor cells bind to the T-cells and deactivate them

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14
Q

What is included in innate (nonspecific) immunity?

A

1) first line of defense (barriers are the body surface chemical and physical)
2) second line of defense (non adaptive immunity cells)

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15
Q

What is included in acquired (Specific) immunity?

A

1) third line of defense
* T cell lymphocytes
* C cell lymphocytes
* antibodies

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16
Q

What part of the immune system has non-inducible ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products and does NOT require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products?

A

innate immunity

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17
Q

Which part of the immune system has acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products and requires previous expose to have major effects?

A

adaptive immunity

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18
Q

Is adaptive or innate immunity faster to respond during second infection?

A

adaptive

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19
Q

Is adaptive or innate immunity faster to respond during initiate infection?

A

innate

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20
Q

What white blood cells are innate immunity?

A

Dendric cells, neutrophiles, and macrophages

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21
Q

White white blood cells are adaptive immunity?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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22
Q

Innate immunity ____ are primary effector cells

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

Adaptive immunity ___ are primary effector cells

A

lymphocytes

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24
Q

T/F. The innate and adaptive immune system are independent and don’t help one another.

A

False. immunity is a collaborative effort

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25
Q

Provide one example of how adaptive immune system requires innate immune system…

A

The adaptive immune system requires innate signals for its activation

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26
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (defensins)?

A

membrane disruption pore formation intracellular toxicity, small cysteine-rich cationic proteins

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27
Q

What cells secrete AMPs?

A

innate immune cells and epithelial cells

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28
Q

How does the skin work as a first line of defense?

A

Physical and chemical barrier, multiple layers of tightly packed cells, and low sin pH (sweat)

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29
Q

What are the who enzymes/proteins that help the skin act as a line of defense?

A

Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and lysozyme

30
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

destroy cell wall of bacteria

31
Q

What is involved in the respiratory systems as a first line of defense?

A

Mucociliary blanket, alveolar macrophages, coughing and sneezing

32
Q

How does the mucociliary blanket work?

A

Contains mucins and antimicrobial peptides and reduces bacterial and viral contact with cells

33
Q

What is the direction of mucociliry clearance?

A

1) ciliated epithelial cell
2) goblet cell (mucin production)
3) antimicrobial peptide secretion
4) no production (at this point bacteria should be killed)

34
Q

How does the epithelial barrier in the digestive tract act as a first line of defense?

A

1) separates microbes rich surface from body
2) cells often replaced and quick healing of damage
3) contains specialized cells that produce anti-microbial peptides
4) other specialized cell produce mucous
5) tissue regenerate in high because tissue damage is very HIGH

35
Q

How many cells thick is the epithelial barrier in the digestive tract?

A

one

36
Q

What are the anti-microbial peptides for the epithelial barrier in the digestive tract?

A

Paneth cells

37
Q

What cells produce mucous?

A

goblet cells

38
Q

Who does the epithelia barrier in the digestive tract act as a second line of defense?

A

1) patrolled by macrophages that can engulf invaders
2) dendric cell samples what is present and alert other parts of the immune response

39
Q

Components of the second line of defense?

A

innate immune cells, antimicrobial mediators, and processes

40
Q

What are the innate immune cells in second line of defense?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells

41
Q

What are the antimicrobial mediators in second line of defense?

A

cytokines (interferons), TNF, IL-6, chemokines, complement cascade)

42
Q

What are the processes in the second line of defense?

A

phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptor activation (e.g. Toll-like receptors), inflammation

43
Q

How doe macrophages eat bacteria?

A

phagocytosis

44
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

an early response to pathogens, kills bacteria by ingestion and redox environment

45
Q

Steps of phagocytosis?

A

1) bacterium becomes attached to membrane
2) membrane evagination (pseudopodia) forms
3) Bacterium is ingested in the formed phagosome. Phagosome fuse with lysosome and get redox from mitochondria and peroxisome.
4) Bacterium is killed by the redox environment and digested by lysosomal enzymes. Digestion products are released.

46
Q

What cells perform phagocytosis and are termed professional phagocytes?

A

neutrophils, dendric cells, and macrophages

47
Q
A
48
Q

What is the “most” professional phagocyte?

A

macrophage

49
Q

What are PAMPs (examples)?

A

LPS, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, lipoproteins, ssRNA, enveloped proteins

50
Q

What are DAMPs (examples)?

A

Biglycans, S100 proteins, vibrinogen

51
Q

What are PRRs (examples)?

A

TLRs, NLRs, RLRs

52
Q

What will be activated from PRRs singling from cytokines and chemokines to activate inflammatory response?

A

Dendritic cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophiles

53
Q

When are signaling pathways initiated?

A

Initiated when a signal binds it receptor

54
Q

Where are water soluble ligand receptors?

A

cell surface

55
Q

Where are membrane soluble ligand receptors?

A

intracellular membrane (an intracellular receptor)

56
Q

Who is a signal passed into the cell?

A

Transduction

57
Q

Does does cell signaling transduction work?

A

1) initiation
2) ligand binding to receptor induces assembly of signaling pathway components
3) generation of second messenger carriers signal to cell interior

58
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

A

pattern recognition is the ability of the innate immune cells to specifically recognize classes of molecules that are unique to microbes. Very important property of many molecules involved in the innate immune response. Example: Tol-like receptors

59
Q

Cytokines are produced after bacteria detection by what?

A

TLR

60
Q

What cells are involved in humoral response?

A

B lymphocytes

61
Q

What cells are involved in cell-mediated response?

A

T lymphocytes

62
Q

What cells perform antigen elimination?

A

B cell

63
Q

What cells perform cytokine secretion?

A

antigen selected T cells

64
Q

What cells kill infected cells?

A

Killer T cells

65
Q

Where are B lymphocytes derived?

A

bone marrow

66
Q

What are B lymphocytes the precursors of?

A

antibody-producing plasma cells

67
Q

T/F. Antibodies are specific for a given antigen.

A

True

68
Q

Can the immune system differentiate between between various antigens? and WHY?

A

Yes. Because of specificity

69
Q

Where are T lymphocytes derived from and matured?

A

Derived from bone marrow stem cells and matured in the thymus

70
Q

What do T cells use the T cell receptor (TCR) to recognize?

A

antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (class I and II)

71
Q

What are the types of T cells?

A

Helper cells, cytotoxic cells, and regulatory cells

72
Q

ended on lectrue 16 slide 5

A

MICI 2100 (3 decks)

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