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Biol-31 > lec 3 exam > Flashcards

lec 3 exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different outcomes of the complement activation system?

A
  1. cytolysis
  2. opsonization
  3. inflammation
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2
Q

What are lipopeptides’ mechanism of action?

A
  • attacks bacterial cell membrane
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3
Q

What does epidemic mean?

A

A larger than expected number of cases occurring in a short within a region

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4
Q

What is the role of mast cells in allergic reactions?

A
  • they are similar to basophils in increasing inflammation but they can also leave the blood vessels.
    -kill infected cells
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5
Q

what are the characteristics of IgG?

A

-monomer
- 80% of serum
- crosses placenta
-triggers complement

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6
Q

What are the five classes of anitbodies?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgE
  4. IgA
  5. IgD
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7
Q

What are symptoms of viruses?

A

-cytopathic effects

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8
Q

What are some mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. inactivate the drug or destroying it
  2. preventing the ingestion of the drug
  3. rapid efflux of the drug
  4. modify the drug’s target site
  5. inactivating B-lactamase
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9
Q

What is Hyaluornidase?

A

Enzyme that digests the polysaccharides holding cells together.

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of IgE?

A

-monomer
- 0.002% of serum
-releases histamine
-lyses parasites

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11
Q

What are cytokines

A

chemical messengers

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12
Q

What happens in class switching of B cells?

A
  • IgM antibodies for example will be stimulated by the T helper cells to switch antibody production. Their genetic coding for the constant region will change (allowing produce IgG instead of IgM) but their variable region will remain the same ( the region binding to the antigen’s epitope).
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13
Q

What is ID50?

A

Number of microbes to cause disease in 50% of population.

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14
Q

what is selective toxicty?

A

destroying pathogens without damaging the host cells

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15
Q

what are interferons?

A

cytokines released to inhibit infected host cells viral replication and induce apoptosis

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16
Q

what are interleukins?

A

cytokines between leukocytes

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17
Q

What is LD50?

A

Number of microbes to be lethal in 50% of population.

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18
Q

What is a complement fixation test looking for?

A

In a serum with suspected antibodies, the complement protein will be bounded to the antibodies. So adding sheep’s blood will not induce lysis since the complement proteins that perform hemolysis are bound to the antibodies already

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19
Q

What happens in an agglutination test?

A
  • Antigens and antibodies clump together
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20
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

A disease that is constantly present in a region.

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21
Q

what are chemokines?

A

cytokines inducing leukocytes’ migration
-chemotaxis

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22
Q

what does bacteriostatic mean?

A

prevents and inhibits microbial growth

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23
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Suspected agent in diseased but absent in healthy
  2. Isolate and grow agent
  3. Inoculate agent in healthy
  4. if agent is re-extracted from step 3 and is same as step 1. Microbe = disease
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24
Q

What does indirect ELISA do?

A

Detects antibodies by mixing a sample of serum with enzyme-linked antigens.
-a colorless substrate is added and once it is bound to the enzyme linked antigens it will produce a colorful product.

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25
Q

What is the life cycle of malaria?

A
  1. human gets bitten and sporozoite(P.F.) transfers
  2. P.F. asexually reproduces making thousands of merozoites
  3. Merozoites infect RBC and develop ring forms
  4. Gametes are formed in human
  5. Different mosquito bites human and ingests gametes
  6. Sexual reproduction in mosquito
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26
Q

what are the different types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated
  2. inactivated
  3. Subunit
  4. Toxoid
  5. Conjugated
  6. Nucleic acid
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27
Q

This pathogen has a membrane protein called PfEMP1 but its structure slowly changes to avoid immune system detection.

A

Plasmodium Falciparum and its antigenic variation

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28
Q

what are the characteristics of subunit vaccines?

A

-only contain antigenic fragments of the pathogen
-low risk

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29
Q

What is the general cycle of Tuberculosis?

A
  1. Human is infected with TB
  2. TB is ingested by macrophages and survives
  3. Lesions caused by TB and the inflammatory response become walled up–> tubercles
  4. Tubercles can become calcified and not active infection, but once it is released secondary infection is active.
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30
Q

What do all pathways of the complement activation system lead to?

A

protein C3

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31
Q

What are CD8+ cells also called?
What is their role in immunity?

A

-Cytotoxic T cells
-binds to infected host cells and releases perforin to creates pores in the cell and then granzymes to go through the pores and induce the cell to undergo apoptosis

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32
Q

what are the characteristics of IgD?

A

-monomer
- 0.02% of serum
- b-cell presentation

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33
Q

What does pandemic mean?

A

Epidemic on a global scale

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34
Q

What are four types of immunity and their examples?

A
  1. Natural active
    - previous wild infection
  2. Natural passive
    - from mother (breastmilk, placenta)
  3. Artificial active
    - vaccines
  4. Artificial passive
    - donation of antibodies
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35
Q

What is Nautral Killer cells’ role in immune response?

A

They will detect an abnormal MHC I on cancer cells and infected cells. They activate to kill the abnormal cell

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36
Q

What is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness?

A

-Trypanosoma brucei

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37
Q

what are cephalosporins? and their mechanism of action?

A

they are type of penicillin. they inhibit cell wall synthesis

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38
Q

What happens in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE binds to the antigen and binds to mast cells as well as basophils to trigger an inflammatory reaction.
It intensifies an allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis

39
Q

What are some symptoms of parasitic infections?

A

-physically block and use host tissue for growth
- waste products –> symptoms

40
Q

What is the protozoan that causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium Falciparum

41
Q

What does coagulase do?

A

It coagulates fibrinogen
causes abscess

42
Q

What are the characteristics of exotoxins?

A

-primarily gram + but can be gram negative, protein
- specific mechanisms of action
- usually not heat stable
- LD50 is low

43
Q

What receptor site does CD8+ cells bind to?

A

MHC I

44
Q

How can vaccines be modified to stimulate an immune response to a hapten?

A

By adding a carrier molecule to the hapten

45
Q

what is the primary immune response to a pathogen?

A

inflammation for general pathogens
1. redness
2. pain
3. heat
4. swelling

46
Q

What happens in type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG or IgM combine with the antigen and will activate the complement system to destroy.
Cell lysis and macrophage damage will occur
ABO blood system

47
Q

What is chloramphenicol’s mechanism of action?

A

-targets 50S ribosome and prevents peptide bond formation

48
Q

what are the characteristics of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • weakened pathogen
  • similar to an actual infection
    -lifelong immunity (cellular and humoral immunity)
49
Q

Why is anaphylaxis so dangerous?

A

-airway constricts
-blood vessel dilate= BP drops
-increased histamine

50
Q

What is the adhesion molecule of HIV?

A

gp120

51
Q

what is the secondary immune response to a pathogen?

A

-adaptive response:
1. humoral: b cells make antibodies
2. cellular: t cells secrete cytokines

52
Q

what are the characteristics of IgA?

A

-monomer (serum)
-dimer (secretions)
- 13% of serum
-neutralizes pathogens by trapping them in mucus

53
Q

How does epinephrine counteract Anaphylaxis?

A
  • constricts blood vessels= BP raises
  • relaxes smooth muscle = dilate airway
  • decreased histamine
54
Q

What do basophils do in allergic reactions?

A

They increased inflammation.
-release histamine

55
Q

what are the characteristics of IgM?

A

-pentamer
- 6% of serum
-causes clumping
-first responder

56
Q

What happens in type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

The T cells are delayed in their hypersensitivity.
Re-exposure causes T cell activation = cytotoxic cytokines

57
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

They protect the host tissue from the T cells.
- if not developed properly= autoimmune diseases

58
Q

what is vancomycin’s mechanism of action ?

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis
stops production of NAM-NAG

59
Q

what are the characteristics of nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines?

A

-naked DNA is injected to stimulate the viral antigen replication = humoral and cellular immunity
-lifelong immunity without risks

60
Q

What are hemolysins?

A

They are enzymes that lyse blood cells

61
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns:
1. Peptidoglycan
2. flagellin
3. lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
4. lipopeptides
5. viral DNA or RNA

62
Q

What do anti-fungal drugs such as amphotericin B do against fungi?

A
  • prevent ergosterol synthesis which is critical for their cell wall
63
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays

64
Q

What are tetracyclines’ mechanism of action?

A
  • bind to 30S ribosome and interferes with tRNA attachment
65
Q

What is PCR and why is it used in testing?

A

Polymerase chain reaction
-it is a method of amplifying specific DNA sequences for further analysis

66
Q

List the four types of hypersensitivity reactions:

A

Type 1: Anaphylatic
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex
Type 4: Delayed Cell-mediated

67
Q

Life cycle of HIV?

A
  1. human is infected with HIV
  2. virus travels to lymphoid organs and encounters the activated T cells.
  3. gp120 binds to CD4+ receptor
  4. HIV fuses and enters the cell
  5. HIV integrates with host DNA
  6. HIV hides in the host DNA and the T cells
  7. T helper cells steadily decline throughout the virus.
68
Q

How do antiviral drugs stop the viral infection of an infected individual?

A
  1. stop entry/fusion
  2. prevent viral uncoating
  3. inhibit viral DNA integration
  4. inhibit viral synthesis
  5. inhibit protease = stop protein synthesis
  6. inhibit neuraminidase = stop budding/exit
69
Q

What are the characteristics of endotoxins?

A

-gram negative on lipid A
- general cause systemic symptoms ( inflammation)
- heat stable
-LD 50 is high

70
Q

What are the APCs in the body?

A

-macrophages
- dendritic cells
- b-cells

71
Q

what are CD4+ cells also called?
What is their role in immunity?

A

-T helper cells
- stimulate CD8+ cells
-stimulate WBCs
-stimulate B-cells for antibodies
-become memory T cells

72
Q

what is the purpose of herd immunity?

A

lower the amount of susceptible individuals

73
Q

What is hemagglutination?

A

Agglutination specific to blood cells.

74
Q

is antigenic drift or shift more dangerous? why?

A

shift is a genetic change, a different genome, causes pandemics
drift is small changes in the surface proteins

75
Q

What are some factors that protect bacteria from immune and enhance their virulence?

A
  1. adhesion molecules
  2. capsules
  3. cell wall
  4. mycolic acid
  5. invasins (rearrangment actin filaments)
  6. enzymes
  7. toxins
76
Q

This pathogen has a dense glycoprotein coat that prevents phagocytosis. It changes the structure of the coat to avoid immune system detection.

A

-Trypanosoma brucei

77
Q

What are kinases?

A

Enzymes that digest fibrin clots.

78
Q

What are aminoglycosides’ mechanism of action?

A

-changes the 30S ribosome shape and produces faulty proteins.

79
Q

What can be determined by an elevated IgM level?

A

IgM is first responder and only appears once in an infection. So the infection is fresh.

80
Q

what does bactericidal mean?

A

kills the microbe

81
Q

What is a titer?

A

the reciprocal of the highest dilution(smaller fraction) of serum in which a zone of equivalence is visible.

82
Q

What is penicillin’s mechanism of action against pathogens?

A

-inhibits cell wall synthesis

83
Q

Antigens have epitopes. Why are epitopes important? What are haptens?

A

Epitopes are antigenic determinants that antibodies bind to.
Haptens are too small of epitopes to trigger an immune response.

84
Q

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG and IgM form an immune complex that lodges in the base membrane
activates complement = inflammation

85
Q

what does MHC II mean?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells use this class receptor to present foreign antigens.

86
Q

The higher the titer…..

A

the more antibodies

87
Q

What does direct ELISA do?

A

Detects antigens by mixing a sample of serum with enzyme-linked antibodies.
-a colorless substrate is added and once it is bound to the enzyme linked antibodies it will produce a colorful product.

88
Q

what does MHC I mean?

A

-All body cells have this antigen class. -It is the passport/driver’s license of the cells
- self antigen

89
Q

What receptor site does CD4+ cells bind to?

A

MHC II

90
Q

what are the characteristics of inactivated vaccines?

A
  • dead pathogen
  • no active infection so no lifelong immunity
  • requires booster shots
91
Q

Difference in B cells and T cells in immunity

A

-location of maturation
- products
- type of pathogens

92
Q

what are the characteristics of toxoid vaccines?

A

-a subunit type of vaccine
- only contains antibodies against the toxin

93
Q

What is Bacitracin’s mechanism of action?

A

it inhibits cell wall synthesis

94
Q

what is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

A

cytokines involved with inflammation of autoimmune diseases

Biol-31 (12 decks)

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