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Cog neuroscience > Lec 10: Language > Flashcards

Lec 10: Language Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different aspects of oral language?

A
  • syntax
  • phonological skills
  • morphological skills
  • pragmatics
  • semantics or vocabulary
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2
Q

phonological skills

A

an awareness of sounds, such as syllables and rhymes

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3
Q

syntax

A

understanding word order and grammar rules

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4
Q

morphological skills

A

understanding the meaning of word forms and parts

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5
Q

pragmatics

A

understanding the social rules of communication

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6
Q

semantics or vocabulary

A

understanding the meaning of words and phrases

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7
Q

Wada Test and hemispheric dominance or language

A
  • use anesthesia and put the left hemisphere of the brain to sleep
  • give the person a spoon
  • ask them what was given to them and they can’t tell you
  • if shown pictures of objects, they can identify which one was given to them
  • shows left hemisphere dominance for language
  • high concordance rate between Wada Test results and fMRI
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8
Q

handedness as an exclusion criteria for neuroimaging studies

A
  • usually look at right- handed people
  • there is far more variability in language organization in left-handed people
  • need to control for handedness to prevent confounding
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9
Q

relationship between handedness and language

A
  • looked at relationship between which side of the brain was dominant for language and handedness
    TRENDS:
  • most common is that people who have language dominance in left hemisphere are right handed
  • next most common is left-hemisphere and left-handed
  • if right-hemisphere dominant, usually left-handed
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10
Q

Where is language in the left hemisphere?

A

frontal lobe = production
- Broca’s area
temporal lobe = comprehension
- Wernicke’s area

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11
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

left-inferior frontal lobe

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12
Q

How was Broca’s area discovered?

A

Paul Broca conducted case studies of individuals who could only produce a limited number of utterances but had other mental functions intact
- the individuals had lesions to the left-inferior frontal lobe

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13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • damage in left-inferior frontal lobe in Broca’s area
  • difficulties in producing speech, while comprehension may remain relatively intact
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14
Q

Fluency in Broca’s aphashia

A
  • Effortful, slow and [often] frustrating
  • impaired prosody
  • Agrammatism (content > function words)
  • Prevalence of paraphasias
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15
Q

Comprehension in Broca’s aphasia

A
  • mostly intact
  • Complex syntax may be problematic
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16
Q

prosody

A
  • tone of speech
  • used for expression
17
Q

paraphasias

A
  • language mistakes
  • saying the wrong word
  • can be sound based
    ex. says scoon instead of spoon
18
Q

apraxia of speech

A
  • usually occurs with Broca’s aphasia
  • difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed for speech
  • struggle to use the correct sounds to pronounce words
  • occurs due to damage in the insula
  • the left part of the insula seems to play a crucial role in choosing correct sounds
19
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

left-superior temporal lobe

20
Q

Fluency in Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • Can produce a stream of continuous utterances
  • Prosody intact
  • Content of message becomes garbled (“word salad”)
  • Prevalence of paraphasias
21
Q

Comprehension in Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • comprehension impaired
  • oral comprehension: understanding what someone is saying
  • reading comprehension also impaired
22
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • caused by damage to left superior temporal lobe
  • impairment characterized by fluent but often nonsensical speech and significant difficulty in understanding spoken or written language
23
Q

Conduction aphasia

A
  • caused by damaged to the arcuate fasciculus; the white matter connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
  • relatively intact comprehension and fluent speech production
  • significant difficulty in repeating words or phrases accurately
24
Q

global aphasia

A
  • total deficit in language
  • typically results from extensive damage to the left hemisphere, often involving both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas and the arcuate fasciculus
  • a stroke occuring in the middle cerebral artery can deprive the entire left hemisphere of oxygen
25
Q

Dual Route Model of Reading

A

when reading, we either sound a word out (grapheme-phoneme conversion) or memorize pronunciation based on past experiences (semantic lexicon)

26
Q

Reading and the visual word form area (VWFA)

A
  • VWFA is in the left fusiform gyrus
  • cares about letters arranged in order that makes up a word
    ex. would activate for CAT
    does not activate for TCA
  • visual input comes together in this area
27
Q

hemianopia

A

blindness of half of the visual field

28
Q

hemianopic alexics

A
  • can read individual words
  • struggle with longer strings of words
  • caused by damage to the visual field
  • can provide treatments
29
Q

pure alexics

A
  • struggle to read even single words
  • caused by damage to the visual word form area (VWFA)
30
Q

Developmental dyslexia

A
  • brain-based learning disability that affects word recognition, spelling and decoding
  • when reading, the visual word form area (VWFA) is not activated
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas still activated
31
Q

Right hemisphere (RH) lesions and impaired pragmatics

A
  • pragmatics is the ability to understand sarcasm (involving deceit and irony)
  • people with right hemisphere lesions far less likely to understand irony and deceit conveyed through words and body language
  • also produce less pragmatically driven statements and body language
32
Q

RH and discourse processing

A
  • discourse processing is the ability to pull out the big pieces or highlights
  • untitled - titled condition
  • in untitled, have to read paragraph and think about what title is
  • found lots of activation in the right side
  • after the subtraction, identified area in right hemisphere involved in discourse processing (not far off from Wernicke’s area
33
Q

RH lesions and interpreting social situations

A
  • found to misinterpret social situations
  • tend to interpret things literally

Cog neuroscience (11 decks)

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