learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

forms associations between stimuli (CS and US)

Question 2

US

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus (food)

Question 3

CS

Answer 3

conditioned stimulus (tone)

Question 4

UR

Answer 4

unconditioned response (salivation bc of food)

Question 5

CR

Answer 5

conditioned response (salivation bc of tone)

Question 6

pavlov

Answer 6

classical conditioning- tone causing salivation

Question 7

acquisition

Answer 7

initial stage of classical conditioning- association between neutral & US

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

when US (food) doesn’t follow the tone, salivation decreases

Question 9

generalization (classical)

Answer 9

• tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS
• when another part of the body is stimulated, salivation drops

Question 10

discrimination (classical)

Answer 10

learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and another one.

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

forms associations between behavior and resulting events

Question 12

law of effect

Answer 12

behaviors that are followed by a satisfying outcome are more likely to be repeated

Question 13

skinner

Answer 13

behaviors were shaped by external influences- not inner thoughts/feelings- dehumanized patients by neglecting their free will

Question 14

punishment

Answer 14

decreases the behavior it follows

Question 15

positive punishment

Answer 15

administer aversive stimulus (spanking, parking ticket)

Question 16

negative punishment

Answer 16

withdraw desirable stimulus (time-out, revoke license)

Question 17

reinforcer

Answer 17

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

add desirable stimulus (getting a hug or paycheck)

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

remove aversive stimulus (putting on seatbelt to turn off beeping)

Question 20

shaping

Answer 20

operant conditioning procedure- reinforcers guide behavior to desired behavior through successive approximations

Question 21

reinforcement schedules- continuous vs partial

Answer 21

continuous: reinforces each time behavior occurs
partial: reinforces only sometimes- slower acquisition, higher extinction resistance

Question 22

ratio schedules- fixed vs variable

Answer 22

fixed: reinforces after specified # of responses
variable: reinforces after unpredictable # of reponses (gambling, fishing)

Question 23

interval schedules- fixed vs variable

Answer 23

fixed: reinforces after specified time has passed (studying right before exam)
variable: reinforces at random intervals (pop quiz)

Question 24

latent learning

Answer 24

becomes apparent when incentive is given- a rat navigates a maze without reward and creates mental maps

Question 25

observational learning

Answer 25

prosocial models may have prosocial effects, vise versa