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league of nations and international peace Flashcards

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1
Q

who were the members of the league of nations?

A

britain, france,italy, japan
america was missing because the senate believed in isolationism.
russia wasn’t allowed to join because the lon(league of nations) was scared of communism.
germany left once hitler came into power

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2
Q

what were the league’s aims?

A

to stop war from breaking out again
to encourage disarmament
to improve working conditions
to tackle deadly diseases

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3
Q

what was the covenant?

A

set up what the league was and what members could expect to happen under it and dealt with aggression.

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4
Q

how did the league plan to keep peace?

A

collective security and international laws

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5
Q

what was collective security?

A

collective security was the idea that if all countries worked together they could make sure peace was kept and that the interests of other nations were looked after

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6
Q

what was the role of the usa?

A

senate refused to agree, Wilson tried to convince people that it was good idea, however American shad seen a lot of young americans die so they wanted to isolate themselves.

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7
Q

how did the league deal with aggression?

A 
mitigation(talking it out)
moral condemnation(telling off)
economic sanctions(not trading with that country)
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8
Q

what were britain’s and france’s thoughts on the league?

A

at the paris peace conference,lloyd George was very critical however he then issued the fountainbleau memorandum
it helped final peace treaties and allowed germany’s colonies to be given away as mandates
lon would run countries until they were able to be independent, more colonies for the british empire
france was happy to be protected from invasion

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9
Q

america should’ve been allowed to join lon-reasons to agree

A

yes because Woodrow Wilson had the idea to bring the world together for peace and prevent future war
they would’ve had better trade deals with other countries
america was also the most powerful country at the time ,so could’ve been used to threaten countries during small disputes

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10
Q

america should’ve been allowed to join the lon-reasons to disagree

A

they wanted to stay out of future wars and disputes, americans were appalled by the carnage of ww1
they believed in freedom and opposed colonies and empires, didn’t want to add to britain and france’s empires

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11
Q

what was the council?

A

42 countries met once a year and wasn’t enough to ensure the league ran smoothly
too large to act in an emergency
4 permanent members

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12
Q

what was the assembly?

A 
international parliament 
unanimous vote(what was the assembly in charge of)
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13
Q

what was the assembly in charge of?

A

the assembly was in charge of the elections to permanent court of justice
voting for non-permanent members of the council
deciding how the league’s money was spent

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14
Q

what was the permanent court of justice?

A

court of law which would settle international arguments
11 judges, 4 deputy judges
hard to get countries to follow advice, no army to force people to do things they wanted
the court was elected by the assembly and council
judges were prominent for 11 years

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15
Q

what was the secrectarient?

A

it was a civil service in charge of administration and organising any action that the league wanted to take
body of experts from different areas eg finance
responsible for carrying out any decisions taken bythe league,except for military issues

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16
Q

what was special commissions?

A

special groups put together to tackle issues that the league was worried about
helped underdeveloped countries with economic issues
supported underrepresented or minority groups such as women and supervised the mandates

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17
Q

aims of the league-mnemonic

A

D-disarmament(discourage aggression)
I-improve peoples lives and working conditions
E-encourage cooperation and trade
S-stop war (collective security)

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18
Q

what were the strengths of league of nations?

A

written into all the peace treaties, so all nations who signed recognised the organisation
vast membership
so many members that economic sanctions were daunting for small countries

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19
Q

what were the weaknesses of the league of nations?

A

many important countries didn’t or wouldn’t join the league, which undermined it as a ‘global’ organisation it meant that if a country got a sanction, they could trade with countries that weren’t part of the league eg america
league had no army so they couldn’t force people to take their advice
structure was very complicated, confused others and slowed action
decision making was unanimous, so it was slow

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20
Q

what were the border disputes?

A

vilna 1920(failure)[austria and lithuania]
upper silesia 1921(success)[poland and germany]
aaland islands 1921 (success)[sweden and finland]
corfu 1923(failure)[greece and albania]
bulgaria 1925(success)[greece and bulgaria]
the great depression 1929(failure)[worldwide]

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21
Q

what was the problem in the vilna border dispute in 1920?

A

austria-hungary empire given independence
poland and lithuania were created
people in vilna(lithuania’s capital) wanted to be polish
polish army took control of vilna
lithuania asked lon for help

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22
Q

what did the lon do about the vilna border dispute in 1921?

A

france needed poland as ally to help, and poland ultimately didn’t want to give it’s support
britain didn’t wanted to send troops without support from france
poland consequently took vilna

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23
Q

what was the problem in the upper silesia border dispute in 1921?

A

poland and germany both wanted it as there was iron and steel production
germany has 60% of votes to get upper silesia during the plebiscite , however poland said that people who voted lived in upper silesia
poles were sad because they lost half of their population and a third of its land.
500,000 poles were in german territory
germany was upset because they lost three quest terms if their coal which meant they lost income as well
coal agreement ended in 1923, and this worsened the conflict between germany and poland

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24
Q

what did the lon do about the upper silesia border dispute in 1921?

A

they conducted a plebiscite(a vote) and britain and france sent their troops to authorise it
plot upper silesia into regions depending on how people voted,so poland had the industry and germany got rural areas
outcome accepted by both parties and ensured that everything was in the right place

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25
Q

what was the problem in the aaland island border dispute in 1921?

A

sweden and finland both wanted the aaland islands and claimed it
both threatened war on each other

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26
Q

what did the lon do about the aaland island border dispute in 1921?

A

they investigated both country’s claim
island was to be finland’s however finland was not allowed to build forts, so they didn’t have a base to threaten or attack sweden
successfully avoided war

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27
Q

what was the problem about the corfu border dispute in 1923?

A

mussolini(italian dictator) found a tellini(one of his detectives) had been mrudered in corfu
he blamed the greece government and demanded compensation
invaded and occupied corfu, killed 15 people
greece appealed to lon who condemned mussolini as he acted with aggression, he agreed that greece should pay compensation

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28
Q

what did lon do about the corfu border dispute in 1923?

A

lon looked after money that was awarded to italy after the killers were found(tellini’s murderers)
however lon was persuaded by mussolini to force greece to apologise
lon proved that they could be ignored and overturned by international groups

29
Q

what was the problem in the bulgaria border dispute in 1925?

A

bulgarian soldiers killed a greek soldier after he crossed the bulgarian border, greece then invaded
greece thought that league was being hypocritical as mussolini got away with similar actions in corfu 1923
greece was a small country and unwilling to risk poor relations with such powerful members of the league

30
Q

what did lon do about the bulgaria border dispute in 1925?

A

bulgaria appealed to lon for help

league condemned greeks and ordered them to withdraw their troops and pay compensation

31
Q

what was the problem in the great depression in 1929?

A

country was plunged into a devasting depression high lasted throughout the 1930’s
all global economies affected as they traded with each other
people lost faith in governments, some turned to extremist parties such as the nazis who promised to overturn the treaty of versailles

32
Q

what did the lon do about the great depression?

A

the league was powerless as they had no army to threaten violent parties with

33
Q

how did the league help people?

A 
international labour organisation 
commission for refugees 
slavery commission 
economic and financial committee 
organisation for communications and transport 
health committee
permanent central opium board
34
Q

what was the international labour organisation?

A

it was to get workers,employees and government to improve working conditions

35
Q

what were the successes of the international labour organisation?

A

in 1928, they helped 77 countries have a minimum wage

in 1930 they helped greece set up social insurance and helped the unemployed

36
Q

what were the failures of the international labour organisation?

A

in 1919 they stopped children under 14 working as it cost too much, affected businesses
1935 working limited to 8 hours, only 4 countries in favour

37
Q

what was the commission for refugees?

A

they returned prisoners of war and supported refugees

38
Q

what were the successes of the commission of refugees?

A

in 1921 they hoepednfree 427,000 our of 500,000 prisoners of war in ww1 and returned them home
in 1922 in turkey and greece new refugee camps with doctors were put in place

39
Q

what were the failures of the commission for refugees?

A

the high commissioner of germany didn’t agree to the camps for jewish refugees since there was unanimous votes(menacing everyone had to agree), so the insider was appointed outside of the league

40
Q

what was the slavery commission?

A

it advanced the suppression of the slave trade and slavery

41
Q

what were the successes of the slavery commission?

A

organised raids for slavery camps in sierra leone and freed 20,000 slaves
in 1927 sierra leone abolished slavery

42
Q

what were the failures of the slavery commission?

A

there is still slavey today

43
Q

what was the economic and financial committee?

A

it supported economies of some countries

44
Q

what was the organisation for communications and transport?

A

it regulated transport developed during war to keep people safe

45
Q

what was the health committee?

A

it was to improve health and tackle deadly disease

46
Q

what was the permanent central opium board?

A

it stopped the creation and cultivation of opium(a painkiller)

47
Q

what were the international agreements?(agreements that happened outside of the league consequently undermining it)

A

washington arms conference 1921-1922
the rapello treaty 1922
the locarno treaty 1925
kellogg-briand pact 1928

48
Q

what was the rapello treaty in 1922?

A

russia forced to leave ww1 and surrender to germany’s
treaty of brest took away land and high reparations
germany returned money and land, cooperate in the future
didn’t want to involve the lon, neither countries were allowed to join

49
Q

what was the washington arms conference in 1921-1922?

A

the lenin wasn’t i loved in the first international arms conference despite one of its aims being disarmament and being a ‘global’ organisation
big four discussed navies
britain’s and usa has the same sized navies, every 5 tonnes at battleships, japan could have 3
britain and france and japan attended as individual countries
said a lot about their attitudes towards lon and their priorities, only concerned about themselves

50
Q

what was the locarno treaty in 1925?

A

france and german rebuilding after the war, france invaded germany
germany minister invited to frances to sign a pact importing reparations
german wasn’t a member of the league
germany accepted border set in in treaty of versailles
no alsace lorraine , peaceful and settled dispute with league

51
Q

what was the kellogg-briand pact in 1928?

A

65 countries met in paris to sign and agreement to not result to war as a solution to settle disputes any an dusa signed first and they were not part of on therefore the eagle wasnt a part of this
individual counties acted deprecate from league, showed people that peace could be achieved with it

52
Q

what was the decline of international cooperation?

A

decline of global nations working together for the same goals or interests

53
Q

what was it like in 1920 before the great depression?

A

people had survived the war, economies started to recover, slots of spending worldwide

54
Q

what happened in 1929?

A

the great depression started due to the wall street crash
a financial crisis that hit america hard
banks and businesses went bust
affected rest of the world since america was one of the most powerful countries in the world and traded exports to other countries

55
Q

what were the problems of the great depression?

A

hitler was very skilled at offering solutions using simple slogans
dictatorship was when one person rules over everyone
take land by force, population needed space food and resources
promise of victories overseas distracted people from problems at home, success restored natural pride
dictators played problems on the victims

56
Q

how did the great depression affect the league?

A

hitler and mussolini were not afraid to use violence
not interested in collective security and went scared of moral condemnation
lon has no army and no members wanted to risk war
only economic sanctions were imposed

57
Q

what happened in the manchuria crisis 1931?

A

on the 18th september, there was an explosion of the south manchurian railway.
chinese soldiers denied claims that they had shot railway guards
kwantung army used events as an excuse to take over manchuria
people of japan were delighted with this victory and celebrated openly in the streets
in 1932 japan renamed manchuria to manchukua, pui di and ex chinese emperor thrown out in 1911, in charge as puppet ruler which meant japan could control him

58
Q

why did the manchurian crisis happen?

A

manchuria is geographically close to japan
japan had large industry and an army making invasion easier
shorty of confusion between who owned the area, russia china and japan all claimed it was theirs in the past
1931 ruled by chinese warlord however his power was weakening
japan scared that china might kick out japanese industry
japan fought war against russia in 1996, taking jover would sort old enemies as well as distract japanese people from domestic problems

59
Q

what did the league do in the manchurian crisis?

A

china and japan were algae from the leagues headquarters
japan was a powerful member of the league, people didn’t know who to believe
china’s politics were confusing and britain and france were facing the great depression
the league issued moral condemnation but japan refused
economic sanction but they didn’t work because usa was japan main trade partner and they weren’t part of the league
the nearest powerful country was russia, which also wasn’t part of the league

60
Q

what was the lytton report?

A

lytton p(british investigator) went to the area and put together a report in oct 1932
he concluded what everyone already knew, that japan was in the wrong since they overreacted and shouldn’t have invaded
japan left the league and in feb 1933 they invaded another chinese region
1938 the japanese army controlled many chinese cities

61
Q

what did the league fail to do?

A

the league failed to stop an act of aggression which consequently led to japan taking over even more chinese territory
showed people that non european affairs that were far away would remain unsolved

62
Q

what happened in the abyssinian crisis in 1935?

A

in dec 1934 italian soldiers clashed with abyssinian soldiers
150 abyssinian liked and 2 italians killed
league tried to intervene, but found it difficult to stop mussolini
both italy and abyssinia is found it difficult to stop mussolini
jan 1935 french foreign minister p called laval met with mussolini and had a secret agreement
despite moral condemnation from league mussolini entered abyssinia on 3 oct 1935
italians bombed abyssinian and used chemical weapons to terrorise people
30 june 1935 haile selassie(abyssinian emperor) addressed th ekeague warning them of the effects of the failure to deal with mussolini

63
Q

why did the abyssinian happen?

A

mussolini wanted to rebuild ancient roman empire didn’t think britain and would object
invasion was easy as they owned small colonies bordering abyssinia
good for the economy because it was rich in resources
tried to invade before and failed wanted revenge and restore national pride

64
Q

how did the league fail?

A

the suez canal
hoare-laval pact
trade sanctions

65
Q

how did the league fail through the suez canal?

A

britain’s and france could’ve closed canal as it shortened route to abyssinia if open
stop mussolini. icing trooos and supplies but didn’t want to upset hike
worried that mussolini and hitler would unite

66
Q

how did the league fail through the hoare-laval pact?

A

britain’s and france’s pact when they met in dec 1935
abyssinia was going to be half it’s size and italy would get fertile areas
however the land wasn’t theirs to give, this pact went public and they were forced to resign
priced britain and france were willing to undermine the league

67
Q

how did the league fail through trade sanctions?

A

league banned selling arms to abyssinia as well as to italy

abyssinia was left with nothing to defend itself whereas mussolini had a modern army

68
Q

what happened after the abyssinian crisis?

A

in may 1936, italy left the league
left britain and france and ussr to run the league but britain and france showed self interest in protected their own welfare
small countries knew that the league wouldn’t protect them

69
Q

why did the league of nations fail?(overview)

A

no army
ambitious plans and idea
only met once a year, council could veto proposals and decision had to be unanimous which meant it was slow
structure was complex and nit enough people to cary out decisions made
america couldn’t join and other powerful countries such as germany and ussr could join
trade sanctions didn’t work because countries could still trade places such as usa
powerful countries weren’t scared of moral condemnation p so sanctions were useless
great depression meant countries only became concerned about themselves
it also meant that people turned to extremist parties eg nazi and mussolini
league slow to act in manchurian and abyssinian cris
britain and france too worried about keeping mussolini as an ally against hitler to stop abyssinian invasion

history :) (3 decks)

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