Lab tests - Sheet1

Question 1

IFA

Answer 1

Immunofluorescence (IFA) is a traditional laboratory technique that utilizes fluorescent dyes to identify the presence of antibodies bound to specific antigens. Secondary, or indirect, immunofluorescence uses two antibodies; the unlabeled first (primary) antibody specifically binds the target molecule, and the secondary antibody, which carries the fluorophore, recognises the primary antibody and binds to it. **Combine with ELISA to detect and confirm Lyme borliosis.

Question 2

ELISA

Answer 2

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antigens from the sample are attached to a surface. Then, a further specific antibody is applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme, and, in the final step, a substance containing the enzyme’s substrate is added. The subsequent reaction produces a detectable signal, most commonly a color change in the substrate.

Question 3

WBC differential

Answer 3

Asks for counts of the different WBCs. Neutrophil–high = acute bacterial infection, inflammation, tissue death. low = overwhelming infection, autoimmune, immunodeficincy, bone marrow damage. Lymphocyte–high = acute viral infection, certain bacterial infections (whooping cough, TB); low = autoimmune disorders, infections. Monocyte–high = fungal infection, heart infection, low = not significant. Eosinophil–high = asthma, allergies, drug reaction, parasitic infections; low = not significant. Basophil–high = inflammation, rare allergic reaction, cancer. low = not sig.

Question 4

CBC

Answer 4

complete blood count. screen for abnormalities.

Question 5

LFT

Answer 5

Liver function test. Lots of possibilities

Question 6

ESR

Answer 6

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an easy, inexpensive, nonspecific test that has been used for many years to help detect conditions associated with acute and chronic inflammation, including infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases.

Question 7

CRP

Answer 7

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific test. It is used by a doctor to detect inflammation if there is a high suspicion of tissue injury or infection somewhere in the body, but the test cannot tell where the inflammation is or what condition is causing it.

Question 8

Eosinophiles

Answer 8

have 2 or 3 lobes to their nucleus and contain characteristic reddish/orange granules in their cytoplasm. They are most often involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections. About 1-4% of WBCs in the blood are eosinophils.

Question 9

Basophiles

Answer 9

have a multi-lobed nucleus and have many dark blue granules (which contain histamines) in their cytoplasm. Only about 1% of WBCs are basophils. A sight elevation in number may be seen during an allergic response, ulcerative colitis, chronic sinusitis, chicken pox or immunizations. A significant increase is not uncommon in certain myeloid leukemias.

Question 10

Lymphocytes

Answer 10

are relatively small (7-10 µm) and round in shape. The nucleus is generally large in relation to the amount of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is pale blue and generally does not contain any granules. The nucleus of most lymphocytes is smooth in appearance and is dark blue. There are two major types of lymphocytes, B cell and T-cell, but they cannot be distinguished when viewed under the microscope using standard staining techniques. B cells can be differentiated from T cells using specific fluorescent-labeled antibody stains in conjunction with a special instrument called a flow cytometer. B cells create specific antibodies while T-cells can activate B cells as well as recognize and destroy invading organisms. Lymphocytes make up about 20% to 40% of the total WBC count.