L2 Nutr, weight, homeo

Question 1

LO2: compons of daily energ expend.

Answer 1

vary with age, sex, composit, activ. mod activ 70kg male 12000kJ/d, 58kg fem 9500.
is sum of:
-BMR= energ to supp basal metab. maint rest activ. cell maint- ion transp, biochem reca. organ func. maint temp. roughly 100x weight (kg). facs aff- bod size and sa, gender, env, endoc status eg incr in hyperthyroid, bod temp.
-diet induced thermogenesis=energ to proc food. dig, abs, distrib, store. 10% energ of ingest food.
-phys activ lev. dem of card, skel and resp musc. approx bmr+30% sedentary, 60-70% 2hr mod, 100% sev hr heavy.

Question 2

LO3: define obesity and desc facs inv in reg body weight.

Answer 2

• obesity= excess accum fat in adip tiss impacts health. bmi over 30. lt intake over expend. incr risk ca, cvd, dm.
• energ intake over expend= incr energ stores.

Question 3

LO4: determ and interp BMI.

Answer 3

• bmi= weight(kg)/height^2(m^2).
  underweight less 18.5, desir 18.5-24.9, over 25-29.9, obese 30-34.9, sev over 35.
• alt waist to hip ratio. abdo obesity is over 0.9 male, o.85 fem. upper bod fat incr risk insulin resis, hyperinsulin, t2dm, htn, hyperlipidaemia, stroke, cvd.

Question 4

LO5: clinic conseq of prot and energ defic.

Answer 4

• manutr= imbal eat and req to maint healht. low energ and defic dis. low prot= insuff blood prot synth= decr plasma oncotis press and odema. liv make less albumin, tiss odema.
• starlings law of capill. flownet= (Pc-Pi)-(pic-pii). net flow from capill to interstit if decr plasma prot.
• malnutr univ screen tool.
• prot energ malnutr- starvat=subcut fat and musc waste. decr weight, cold, weak, infec GI and lung. marasmus= under 5yo, emaciated, musc waste, decr bod fat, no oedema, hair thin and dry, dairr, anaemia. kwashiorkor= baby displ breastf comm. som carb but low prot diet eg cassava. apathetic, leth, anotrexic, gen oedema, abdo disten due to hepatomegaly and or ascites fluid in periton cav, low serum album, often anaemia.

Question 5

LO6: define homeostasis and expl imp.

Answer 5

• homeo mechs counter changes in int env. vars reg so int conds stable. DYNAM EQ. fail=dis as underpin physiol. mechs at all levs eg cell ca, tiss prolif vs apop, organ eg kidney bloood ion, organism temp.
• mech req sensing monit and resp, contr sentre sets range and decides resp, effector=change, neg feedb corr deviat.

Question 6

LO1: essen compons of diet and why.

Answer 6

• carb energ- starch carb stor in pl, polym of gluc. sucrose glu fruc disacc. lactose gluc galactose. fructose mono. gluc predom sug in blood. dig carb to monosacc into blood.
• prot energ and aa- breakd to aa into blood. 20 for prot synth. 9 essen If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable. some condit essen eg growing child preg woman arg, tyros, cyst. anim orign high qual as all essen. pl ori most defic in 1+ essen, req var.
• fat energ and fa- lip comp of triacylglycerols. sat/unsat/trans. cont less O so yield more energ. req for abs fat sol vits ADEK from gut. prov essen fa’s eg linoleic and linolenic acid.
• mins- electrolytes est ion grads nd maint water bal. ca and P for struc. ca for sig. enz cofacs eg fe, mg, mn, co, cu, zn, mo, se. iron in hb.
• vit- req in micro or milligram. fat or water sol. defic dis wo.
• fibre- cellul beta 14 no enz, lignin, pectins, gums. not broken down. recomm 18g/d. low assoc constip and bowel CA. high fib reduc chol and diab risk. bile salt req chol, fib abs bile salt so liv need make more.
• water- 50-60% of ad bod. lose 2.5L/d- 1.5 in urine, 0.4 air, 0.5 skin, 0.1 faeces. 0.35 is prod in metab, rest need repl.